This section includes documents designed to increase awareness of climate change impacts, methods for climate change adaptation and research papers related to climate change impacts.

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• Climate change impacts and adaptation - Canada
• Climate change impacts and adaptation - International
• Climate change and security
• Climate change and science
• Climate change risk perception
• Energy
• High-level short documents
• Infrastructure
• Insurance and climate change
• Local government
• Provincial level
• Standards
• General

Climate change impacts and adaptation - Canada
Descriptive documents outlining impacts, vulnerabilities, and risks associated with climate change in Canada:

• Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment
  • Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. (2008). Climate, Nature People: Indicators of Canada’s Changing Climate.
• Conference Board of Canada
  • Roberts, J., Iqbal, M., and Churchill, J. (2006). Adapting to Climate Change: Is Canada Ready?. Ottawa: The Conference Board of Canada.
  • Hodgson, G. (2007). A Canadian Climate Change Strategy – Getting the Basics Right. Ottawa: The Conference Board of Canada.
    Summary: The report argues that other countries including the United States are forming an action plan on climate change while Canada still does not have a national consensus on what to do. The focus of this report surrounds mitigation and reduction of GHGs. It suggests Canada to act quickly on getting aligned on the minimum fundamental requirements of a credible Canadian policy towards climate change. It also suggests for such a policy to be effective, the policy must have three basic elements. These elements include: (1) Being part of a comprehensive global approach, to think globally and to act locally by establishing a comprehensive and inclusive global approach, combined with appropriate leadership by major industrial countries through concrete action at home to; (2) Provide clarity on attainable targets, as greater clarity for businesses and consumers on expected targets for CO2 reductions is needed; (3) The optimal mix of market-based policies is applied; and a market approach should be applied to control CO2 output.
  • Hoover, G., Roberts, J. (2007). Operationalizing Adaptation to Climate Change. Ottawa: The Conference Board of Canada.
    Summary: The Conference Board assembled leading domestic adaptation thinkers for the first Private Sector Roundtable on Adaptation to Climate Change march 28, 2008 in Vancouver. It was clear that Roundtable participants want to incorporate adaptation into their decision making but their efforts can be limited by information gaps, unproven risk management approaches, and a lack of knowledge among business and financial leaders. The report serves as a preliminary guide for taking steps to operationalize adaptation to climate change in Canada.
    
    Private sector participants at the Roundtable identified the most significant task is to seize the attention of Canada’s corporate leaders. One avenue to capture Corporate Canada’s attention is through the financial markets; i.e., if the financial community includes a company’s climate-change strategy in its investment criteria, it may adjust credit ratings or insurance rates. The report also summarizes the belief that governments must play the role of enabler by establishing acceptable decision-making tools and regulatory context. The report also identifies cooperative opportunities for the public and private sector such as education and building institutional capacity.
• Ecology Action Centre
  • Ecology Action Centre. (2008). Exploring Issues, Engaging Partners: Risk Management, Climate Change and Coastal Planning. Ecology Action Centre Coastal Issues Committee. Ecology Action Centre, Halifax.
• Environment Canada
  • Environment Canada. (2006). Canada’s Fourth National Report on Climate Change: Actions to Meet Commitments Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Ottawa: Government of Canada.
  • Koshida, G., Avis, W. (1998). The Canada Country Study: Climate Impacts and Adaptation. Ottawa: Environment Canada (CD available)
• Municipal World
  • Gardner, S., & D. Noble. (2008). Stepping up to the Climate Change Challenge: Perspectives on Local Government Leadership, Policy and Practice in Canada. St. Thomas: Municipal World (available for purchase from municipal world).
• Nasivvik
  • Nickels, S., Furgal, C., Buell, M., Moquin, H. (2005). Unikkaaqatigiit – Putting a Face on Climate Change: Perspectives from Inuit in Canada. Ottawa: Joint publication of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Nasivvik Centre for Inuit Health and Changing Environments at Université Laval and the Ajunngniq Centre at the National Aboriginal Health Organization.
    
• National Resources Canada
  • Lemmen, D.S., Warren, F.J. (Eds.) (2004). Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: A Canadian Perspective. Ottawa: Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Directorate, Natural Resources Canada.
    
  • Lemmen, D.S., Warren, F.J., Lacroix, J., and Bush, E. (Eds.) (2008). From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing Climate 2007. Ottawa: Government of Canada.
• National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy
  • Kovacs, P. (2006). Canada’s Insurers Adapting to Climate Extremes and Encouraging Adaptation by Policyholders: Some Policy Issues and Opportunities. A Review/Discussion Paper on Insurance. Ottawa: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy Program on Climate Change Adaptation Policy.
  • Girard, M. (2006). Review of the Codes and Standards Policy Section Outlines in NRTEE’s Proposal for the Development of a Climate Change Adaptation Program (CCAP). Discussion Paper. Ottawa: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (available from NRTEE).
  • Sparling, E., & Burton, I. (2006). The Role of Government in Adaptation to Climate Change: A Preliminary Exploration. NRTEE Adaptation Working Paper No. 1. Ottawa: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy.
  • McBean, G.A. (2006). A Review/Discussion Paper: Disaster Management and Climate Change Adaptation. Ottawa: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy Program on Climate Change Adaptation Policy.
  • Kiernan, M., Morrow, D., & Bruno, A., (2006). Final Paper on “Project Finance and Capital Markets”. Prepared by Innovest Strategic Value Advisors for National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (NRTEE): Policy Research Program on Climate Change Adaptation Policy (available from NRTEE).
• NRCan Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Program
  • Lemmen, D., F. Warren, E. Bush, & J. Lacroix. (2008). From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing Climate 2007. Ottawa: Natural Resources Canada.
• Office of the Auditor General of Canada
  • Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development. (2006). Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. In Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development, Report of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development to the House of Commons. (Chapter 2). Ottawa: Office of the Auditor General of Canada.
    
• Ontario Ministry of Environment
  • Gomer, T., (1999). Climate Change Impacts to the Human Environment. Prepared for the Land Use Policy Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment.
    
• Ouranos Consortium
  • DeJarlais, C., Bourque, A., Décoste, R., Demers, C., Deschamps, P., & Lam, K. (2004). Adapting to Climate Change. Montreal: Ouranos Consortium.
    
  • Candille, G., Brunet, G., & Derome, J. (2004). Régimes de temps: Impacts et Prévisibilité. Montreal: Ouranos Consortium.
• Toronto Region Conservation Authority
  • Environment Canada, Government of Ontario & Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. (1999). Climate Change and Watershed Management. Proceedings of a Symposium held November 10, 1999 at Black Creek Pioneer Village, Toronto. Sponsored by Environment Canada, Government of Ontario & Toronto and Region Conservation Authority.
• Government of Quebec
  • Government of Quebec. (2006). Québec and Climate Change: A Challenge for the Future. Québec: Government of Québec.
• Natural Resources Canada
  • Dore, M., & Burton, I. (2000). The Costs of Adaptation to Climate change in Canada: A Stratified Estimate by Sectors and Regions. CCAF Grant # A209, Natural Resources Canada.
    Summary: The objective of this report was to collect micro-level data to estimate the costs of adaptation to climate change. Questionnaires were sent out to determine climate impacts, current expenditures (both capital and operating), and other technical factors relevant to social infrastructure. The report is restricted to the costs of adaptation of the road network (roads, bridges, storm water management systems), and water utilities (drinking water treatment plants, and wastewater treatment plants). For the road network and for a representative sample of water utilities, various databases on current expenditures at the provincial, municipal and water-utility level were created. Time series temperature data from CGCM1, GG1 were used for simulating the impacts of climate change. Downscaled data was used to simulate the impact of climate change.
    
    The estimate cost of constructing an all weather road is $85,000 per km plus an additional $65,000 to $150,000 per bridge. The estimated cost on permafrost is $500,000 per km and $350,000 per km on non-permafrost land. An average coastal bridge will cost $600,000, with a total expected cost of all coastal bridges being around $9 billion. The most important operating cost for roads is winter control, which is estimated to be between $9 and $12 per km.
    
    The main adaptation costs for water utilities are associated with expanding wastewater treatment capacity. For Toronto, the estimated adaptation costs range from $633 million to $9 billion; for Niagara between $8 and $24 million; for Halifax about $6.5 million. Montreal is an exception as it has excess capacity. These estimates are based on case studies and cannot be extrapolated regionally or nationally because Canada has a number of distinct ecoclimatic zones.

Climate change impacts and adaptation - International
Descriptive documents outlining impacts, vulnerabilities, and risks associated with climate change in jurisdictions outside of Canada:

• Mukheibir, P., & Ziervogel, G. (2007). Developing a Municipal Adaptation Plan (MAP) for Climate Change: The City of Cape Town. Environment and Urbanization, 19, 143-158.
  Abstract: Climate change increased the likelihood of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods and heat waves, as well as more gradual changes in temperature and precipitation. The city of Cape Town (South Africa) is at risk from projected climate-induced warming and changes in rainfall variability. This makes resources management and infrastructure planning more challenging and increases the urgency of the need to adapt city-level operations to both current climate variability and future climate change. To date, however, the main focus of adaptation planning has been at the national level, and has not adequately addressed municipal scale-adaptation. This paper presents and discusses an overarching framework that would facilitate the development of a Municipal Adaptation Plan (MP). The example of the city of Cape Town illustrates some of the sector-level assessments and potential climate threats, as well as resource mobilization issues that need to be addressed during the development and implementation of a MAP. In conclusion, a number of barriers to developing a MAP are discussed.
• International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
  • IPCC. (2007). Summary for Policy Makers. In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden & C.E. Hanson (Eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 7-22.
• US National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change
  • Website: http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/nacc/default.htm
  • National Assessment Synthesis Team. (2000). Climate Change Impacts on the United States: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. Washington D.C.: US Global Change Research Program.
• US Global Change Research Program
  • National Assessment Synthesis Team. (2000). Climate Change Impacts on the United States: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. A Report of the National Assessment Synthesis Team, US Global Change Research Program.
• New Zealand – Ministry for the Environment
  • Ministry for the Environment. (2004). Coastal Hazards and Climate Change: A Guidance Manual for Local Government in New Zealand. Ministry for the Environment: Wellington, New Zealand.
  • Ministry for the Environment. (2004). Preparing for Climate Change – A Guide for Local Government in New Zealand. New Zealand Ministry for the Environment: Wellington, New Zealand.
  • Ministry for the Environment. (--). Climate Change Impacts on New Zealand. Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand.
  • Ministry for the Environment. (2007). Preparing for and Adapting to Climate Change: Look Ahead to the Future. New Zealand Ministry for the Environment: Wellington, New Zealand.
    
  • Ministry for the Environment. (2007). Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. INFO 225. Ministry for the Environment, Government of New Zealand, Wellington.
    
  • Ministry for the Environment. (--). Climate Change: Impacts on New Zealand. (introductory document). New Zealand Ministry for the Environment: Wellington, New Zealand.
    
  • Ministry for the Environment. (--). Helping New Zealand Prepare for and Adapt to the Impacts of Climate Change. INFO 173. Ministry for the Environment, Government of New Zealand: Wellington.
    
  • Ministry for the Environment. (2007). Taking Action on Climate Change: Small Acts, Big Impacts. (Introductory Document). Ministry for the Environment: Wellington, New Zealand.
    
  • Ministry for the Environment. (2007). Understanding Climate Change: Get a Grasp on the Facts. (Introductory Document). Ministry for the Environment: Wellington, New Zealand.
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
  • Gagnon-Lebrun, F., & Agrawala, S. (2006). Progress on Adaptation to Climate Change in Developed Countries: An Analysis of Broad Trends, ENV/EPOC/GSP(2006)1/FINAL. Paris: OECD.
    
• Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
  • Klein, R., Schipper, E., & Dessai, S. (2003). Integrating mitigation and Adaptation into Climate and Development Policy: Three Research Questions. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Working Paper 40. United Kingdom.
    
  • Arnell, N., Tompkins, E., Adger, N. & Delaney, K. (2005). Vulnerability to Abrupt Climate Change in Europe. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Technical Report 34.
• UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP)
  • UKCIP. (2007). UKCIP Adaptation Case Studies.
    
  • Jenkins, G.J., Perry, M.C., & Prior, M.J.O. (2007). The Climate of the United Kingdom and Recent Trends. Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK.
    
  • West, C.C. & Gawith, M.J. (Eds.) (2005). Measuring Progress: Preparing for Climate Change through the UK Climate Impacts Programme. Oxford: UKCIP.
    
• UNEP/UNFCCC
  • Williams, M. (Ed.) (2002). Climate Change Information Kit. United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
    
• California Climate Change Center
  • Lynd Luers, A., & Moser, S. (2006). Preparing for the Impacts of Climate Change in California: Opportunities and Constraints for Adaptation. California: California Energy Commission, California Environmental Protection Agency.
    
• Rice University and University College London
  • Rice University and University College London. (2005). Climate Change, Extreme Events and Coastal Cities: Conference Report. Rice University, Houston; University College London, UK.
    Summary: This event brought together academics, policy advisers, urban designers, business representatives, NGOs, national and regional journalists, and the public. The goal was to see how the differing technology and policy approaches developed in Houston and London could profitably be exchanged and potentially applied to similarly sited cities. The conference explored ways for cities to adapt and cope with the expected changes in temperatures and extreme weather systems as well as work to mitigate future greenhouse gas emissions. Some of the key findings were: Generating a broad a public acceptance of the scientific consensus concerning human contributions to climate change was essential to any further debate about adaptation, and; knowledge-sharing on systems which assisted in the transfer of flood-risk information to knowledge end-users can be improved.
    

Climate change and security

• United Kingdon Cabinet Office
  • United Kingdom Cabinet Office (2008). The National Security Strategy of the United Kingdom: Security in an Interdependent World. UK: Cabinet Office.

Climate change and science
Documents outlining scientific support for climate change adaptation:

• Australian Greenhouse Office
  • Australian Greenhouse Office. (2005). Climate Change Science: Questions Answered. Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Heritage.
  • Australian Greenhouse Office. (2007). Climate Change Science: Frequently Asked Questions. Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources.
• Meteorological Service of Canada (Environment Canada)
  • Barrow, E., Maxwell, B., & Gachon, P. (Eds.) (2004). Climate Variability and Change in Canada: Past, Present and Future. ACSD Science Assessment Series No. 2, Meteorological Service of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, 114p (looks at frequency and magnitude of extreme events) (not available on web).
  • Lines, G., Pancura, M., & Lander, C. (2006). Building Climate Change Scenarios of Temperature and Precipitation in Atlantic Canada using the Statistical Downscaling Model. Dartmouth: Meteorological Service of Canada, Atlantic Region, Science Report Series 2005-9 (not available on web).
  • Pancura, M., & Lines, G. (2005). Variability and Extremes in Statistically Downscaled Climate Change Projections at Greenwood Nova Scotia. Dartmouth: Meteorological Service of Canada, Atlantic Region, Science Report Series 2005-10 (not available on web).
• Environment Canada
  • Gachon, P., A. St-Hilaire, T. Ouarda, VTV Nguyen, C. Lin, J. Milton, D. Chaumont, J. Goldstein, M. Hessami, T.D. Nguyen, F. Seva, M. Nadeau, P. Roy, D. Parishkura, N. Major, M. Choux & A. Bourque. (2005). A First Evaluation of the Strengths and Weaknesses of Statistical Downscaling Methods for Simulating Extremes over Various Regions of Eastern Canada. Sub-component, Climate Change Action Fund (CCAF), Environment Canada, Final report, Montréal, Québec, Canada (not available on web).
  • Dickinson, T. (2007). The Compendium of Adaptation Models for Climate Change: First Edition. Adaptation and Impacts Research Division, Environment Canada (not available on web).
• Ouranos Consortium
  • Chaumont, D. (2004). Variabilité et extrêmes climatiques au Canada, Revue de littérature. Montréal: Ouranos.

Climate change risk perception
Research related to perceptions of risk associated with climate change impacts:

• Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
  • Lowe, T. (2006). Is this Climate Porn? How Does Climate Change Communication Affect our Perceptions and Behaviour? UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Working Paper 98.
  • Lowe, T. (2006). Vicarious Experience vs. Scientific Information in Climate Change Risk Perception and Behaviour: A Case Study of Undergraduate Students in Norwich, UK. UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Technical Report 43.

Energy

• Renewable Energy World
  • Hoexter, M. (2008). Distributed vs. Utility Scale Renewables: A Dead-End Battle. Renewable Energy World, April, 2008.

High-level short documents
Documents that provide brief summaries of climate change impacts and adaptation programs and research:

• Laurentian University – Greater Sudbury
  Brochures and posters available from Laurentian University – Reports and Publications:
  • Adapting to Climate Change in Greater Sudbury – Brochure
  • Impacts of Climate Change on Greater Sudbury – Brochure
  • Climate Change Mitigation in Greater Sudbury – Brochure
  • Climate Change Scenarios for Greater Sudbury – Brochure
  • Climate Change Vulnerability in Greater Sudbury – Brochure
  • Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in the City of Greater Sudbury – Poster
  • The City of Greater Sudbury Vulnerability to Climate Change Case Study, Ecosystems Sector – Poster
  • The City of Greater Sudbury Vulnerability to Climate Change Case Study, Health Sector – Poster
  • The City of Greater Sudbury Vulnerability to Climate Change Case Study, Municipal Infrastructure Sector – Poster
  • The City of Greater Sudbury Vulnerability to Climate Change Case Study, Water Sector – Poster
• New Zealand, Ministry for the Environment
  • Ministry for the Environment. (2007). Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. INFO 225. Ministry for the Environment, Government of New Zealand, Wellington.
  • Ministry for the Environment. (--). Climate Change Impacts on New Zealand. Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand.
  • Ministry for the Environment. (2006). Helping New Zealand Prepare for and Adapt to the Impacts of Climate Change. INFO 173. Ministry for the Environment, Government of New Zealand: Wellington.
  • Ministry for the Environment. (2007). Taking Action on Climate Change: Small Acts, Big Impacts. (Introductory Document). Ministry for the Environment: Wellington, New Zealand.
  • Ministry for the Environment. (2007). Understanding Climate Change: Get a Grasp on the Facts. (Introductory Document). Ministry for the Environment: Wellington, New Zealand.
• Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
  • Adaptation:
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, T2.33. Adapting to Changing Water Availability in Agriculture and Leisure. UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, IT1.04. How Will Changing Storm Activity Influence Insurance and Forestry? UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, IT1.16. Estimating Future Probabilities of Extreme Weather Events. UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, T3.31. Health Hazards and Climate Change Flood Risk. UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, IT1.23. How Can Business Adapt to Climate Change? UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, T3.34. How Much Does it Cost to Adapt to Climate Change? UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, T3.32. Exploring Perceptions of Dangerous Climate Change. UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, T3.33. Calculating Climate Change Probabilities for Water Supply Planning. UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
      
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, T2.35. Exploring Society’s Ability to Respond to Climate Change. UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
      
  • Impacts Overview Documents:
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, IT1.03. A Blueprint for Integrated Assessment of Climate Change. UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, T2.14. Ensuring Climate Change Assessment Answer the Right Questions. UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, T2.13. Estimating Uncertainty in Future Assessments of Climate Change. UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, IT1.14. How do People Perceive and Respond to Climate Change? UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, T2.11. How Will Climate Change Affect Flooding and Water Supply? UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, T3.13. New Ways of Incorporating Climate Change Science into Decision Making. UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, IT3.16. Integrating Economics into Climate Change Timescales. UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
    • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet. T3.14. Linking Air Pollution with Climate Change. UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
      
• UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP)
  • UKCIP. A Local Climate Impacts Profile (LCIP) For Your Community. Oxford: UKCIP.

Infrastructure
Overview documents outlining climate change impacts and adaptation for infrastructure:

• Environment Canada
  • Auld, H., & MacIver, D. (2005). Cities and Communities: The Changing Climate and Increasing Vulnerability of Infrastructure. Downsview: Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada (not available on web).
• Infrastructure Canada
  • Infrastructure Canada. (2006). Adapting Infrastructure to Climate Change in Canada’s Cities and Communities: A Literature Review. Research & Analysis Division, Infrastructure Canada. Ottawa: Infrastructure Canada.
• Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability Committee (PIEVC)
  • PIEVC. (2006). Backgrounder – Infrastructure Assessment Pilot Studies: National Engineering Assessment of the Vulnerability of Public Infrastructure to Climate Change. Ottawa: Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability Committee.
  • City of Portage la Prairie & PIEVC. (2007). City of Portage la Prairie Water Resources Infrastructure Assessment: Phase II – Pilot Study. Prepared by Genivar in association with TetrES Consultants Inc. Ottawa: Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability Committee.
• Buildings
  Impacts on, and adaptation strategies for buildings:
  • Three Regions Climate Change Group. (2008). Your Home in a Changing Climate: Retrofitting Existing Homes for Climate Change Impacts: Report for Policy Makers. London, UK: Greater London Authority.
• Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
  • Tyndall Centre Fact Sheet, IT1.08). How Will Changing Temperature Extremes Affect Buildings? UK: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
• Intrarisk
  • Twisdale, L., Sciaudone, J., Vickery, P., Chen J., & Wadhera, D. (2007). Evaluation and Report on the Insurability of Attached and Free Standing Structures. Prepared by Applied Research Associates, Inc. for Florida Office of Insurance Regulation, Property and Casualty Product Review, Tallahassee.
• CIRIA
  • Gavin, S., Reid, J., & Scott, M. (2005). Standards for the Repair of Buildings Following Flooding. London: CIRIA.
• BRANZ
  • O’Connell, M., & Hargreaves, R. (2004). Climate Change Adaptation: Guidance on Adapting New Zealand’s Built Environment for the Impacts of Climate Change. New Zealand: BRANZ.
• UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
  • DEFRA. (2006). Project website: Cross Regional Research Program: Adaptation Responses to Climate Change for New Development in Growth Areas. UK: DEFRA.
• Association of British Insurers (ABI)
  • ABI. (--). Flood Resilient Homes: What Homeowners can do to Reduce Flood Damage. London: Association of British Insurers.

Insurance and climate change
Overview documents discussing the role of the insurance industry in climate change adaptation, and impacts of climate change on the insurance sector:

• Ceres
  • Mills, E. (2007). From Risk to Opportunity: 2007 – Insurer Responses to Climate Change. Boston: Ceres.
  • Mills, E. & Lecomte, E. (2006). From Risk to Opportunity: How Insurers can Proactively and Profitably Manage Climate Change. Boston: Ceres (not available on web).
• Lloyd’s
  • Lloyd’s. (2006). 60 Risk Project – 1 Catastrophe Trends. London: Lloyd’s.
  • Smith, D., Harrison, S., Wilson, M., & Washington, R. (2007). 360 Risk Project – 3 Catastrophe Trends, Rapid Climate Change. London: Lloyd’s.
  • Lloyd’s. (--). 360 Risk Project – 2, Catastrophe Trends: What Next on Climate Change? London: Lloyd’s.
  • Lloyd’s. (--). The Herbert Hoover Dike: A Discussion of the Vulnerability of Late Okeechobee to Levee Failure; Cause, Effect and the Future. London: Lloyd’s.
• The Munich Climate Insurance Initiative
  • Bals, C., Burton, I., Butzengeiger, S., Dlugolecki, A., Gurenko, E., Hoekstra, E., Höppe, P., Kumar, R., Linnerooth-Bayer, J., Mechler, R., & Warner, K. (--). Insurance-Related Options for Adaptation to Climate Change. Munich Climate Insurance Initiative.
• United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI)
  • UNEP FI Climate Change Working Group (CCWG). (2006). CEO Briefing: Adaptation and Vulnerability to Climate Change: The Role of the Finance Sector. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme.
• UNFCCC
  • Linnerooth-Bayer, J., Mace, M., & Verheyen, R. (2003). Insurance related Actions and Risk Assessment in the Context of the UNFCCC. Background paper for UNFCC Workshops, Commissioned by the UNFCCC Secretariat.
• United States Government Accountability Office (US GAO)
  • US GAO. (2007). Climate Change: Financial Risks to Federal dn Private Insurers in Coming Decades are Potentially Significant. Statement of John B. Stephenson, Director, Natural Resources and Environment. Washington D.C.: Government Accountability Office(not available on Web).
• Allianz Group & World Wildlife Foundation (WWF)
  • Allianz Group & WWF. (2006). Climate Change and Insurance: An Agenda for Action in the United States. A Publication of Allianz Group and WWF.
• AON
  • AON. (2007). Will Insurers be Burned by the Climate Change Phenomenon? Industry Update – Global Warming and the Insurance Industry, September 2007.
• The Geneva Papers
  • Ward, R., Herweijer, C., Patmore, N., & Muir-Wood, R. (2008). The Role of Insurers in Promoting Adaptation to the Impacts of Climate Change. The Geneva Papers, 33, 133-139.
• Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction
  • Ross, A. (2000). Reflections on the Future: Climate Change and its Impacts on the Insurance Industry. Toronto: Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction.
• Swiss Re
  • Brauner, C. (2002). Opportunities and Risks of Climate Change. Zurich, Switzerland: Swiss Re.

Local government
Overview documents discussing climate change impacts and adaptation as it relates to local government:

• Australian Greenhouse Office
  • Australian Greenhouse Office. (2007). Climate Change Adaptation Actions for Local Government. Report by SMEC Australia to the Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources.
• Canadian Climate Impacts and Adaptation Research Network (C-CIARN)
  • Mehdi, B. (ed.). (2006). Adapting to Climate Change: An Introduction for Canadian Municipalities. Canadian Climate Impacts and Adaptation Research Network (C-CIARN).
    Summary: This report provides an introduction to climate change impacts and adaptation outlining why municipalities should consider climate change impacts. Among some of the concepts introduced are no-regrets infrastructure improvements where upgrades produce benefits regardless of the degree of climate change. The report contains examples of how municipalities have integrated climate change strategies with reference to Toronto, Vancouver and Halifax. Also concepts of adaptive capacity and vulnerability assessments are introduced where a five step process is outlined for a vulnerability assessment. This process was developed by Natural Resources Canada to provide a basis for establishing priorities and to understand the level of vulnerability.
  • C-CIARN. (2002). Climate Change and Ontario’s Vulnerable Communities. C-CIARN Workshop Report, November 28-29, 2002, Central Library, Mississauga. Toronto: Prepared by LURA Consulting for C-CIARN Ontario.
• Clean Air Partnership (CAP)
  • Mersereau, V. (2007). A Scan of Municipal Heat/Health Watch Warning Systems and Hot Weather Response Plans. Toronto: Clean Air Partnership.
  • Wieditz, I., & Penney, J. (2007). Climate Change Adaptation Options for Toronto’s Urban Forest. Toronto: Clean Air Partnership.
  • Wieditz, I., Penney, J. (2007). Time to Tackle Toronto’s Warming: Climate Change Adaptation Options to Deal with Heat in Toronto. Toronto: Clean Air Partnership.
  • Penney, J., & Wieditz, I. (2007). Cities Preparing for Climate Change: A Study of Six Urban Regions. Toronto: Clean Air Partnership.
• Federation of Canadian Municipalities
  • Federation of Canadian Municipalities. (2006). Enlisting Municipal Governments in a National Approach to Clean Air and Climate Change. Submission by Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) to the Minister of the Environment, October 16, 2006. Ottawa: Federation of Canadian Municipalities.
• City of Hamilton
  • Ormond, P. (2004). GRIDS Background Study: Hamilton’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. Completed for the City of Hamilton, September, 2004. Hamilton: ECO5 Inc.
    Summary: This vulnerability study identifies existing and future impacts of climate change and opportunities for action relevant to Hamilton's 30-year Growth-Related Integrated Development Strategy (GRIDS). The report also identifies opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through the planning process and makes recommendations for policy considerations for GRIDS strategy that can help address Hamilton's vulnerability to climate change. The study reveals that consideration of climate change issues are still at a fledging state and there was an expressed need for more awareness and education. The key issues identified in the study are transportation, extreme weather, health impacts, urban Sprawl and energy management.
• Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction
  • McBean, G., & Henstra, D. (2003). Climate Change, Natural Hazards and Cities. Completed for Natural Resources Canada. ICLR Research Paper Series – no. 31. Toronto: Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction.
• London Climate Change Partnership
  • London Climate Change Partnership. (2006). Adapting to Climate Change: Lessons for London. London, UK: Greater London Authority.
  • London Climate Change Partnership. (2002). A Climate Change Impacts in London Evaluation Study. Final Report. London, UK: Greater London Authority.
• New York City
  • New York City. (--). Climate Change: Reduce Global Warming Emissions by More than 30%. New York City.

Provincial level
Documents discussing climate change impacts, the role of provinces in adaptation, and initiatives being developed at the provincial level:

• British Columbia
  • The BC Ministry of Water, Land, and Air Protection, The Canadian Climate Impacts & Adaptation Research Network-BC, The University of Northern British Columbia. (2003). Adapting to Climate Change in Northern British Columbia. Proceedings of the Workshop Held February 20, 2003, Prince George, British Columbia. British Columbia: C-CIARN.
• International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)
  • Runnals, D. (2007). Climate Change Impacts in Manitoba. Winnipeg: IISD.
• Manitoba Climate Change Task Force
  • Manitoba Climate Change Task Force. (2001). Manitoba and Climate Change: Investing in Our Future. Winnipeg: Manitoba Climate Change Task Force.
• New Brunswick
  • New Brunswick. (2003). Discussion Paper: New Brunswick and Climate Change. Government of New Brunswick.

Standards
Documents discussing the role of standards for adapting to climate change:

• Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
• Brûlé, J., & McCormick, A. (2005). CSA Discussion Panel – Climate Change & Municipal Infrastructure: Final Report on the Survey to Infraguide Committee Members. Ottawa: National Research Council.
• Girard, M., & Mortimer, M. (2006). The Role of Standards in Adaptation Canada’s Infrastructure to Climate Change. Canadian Standards Association

General

• Ministry of Natural Resources. (2008). Climate Change References, Reports, and Posters. Sponsored by MNR and/or Involving MNR Staff. Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario.