Yeast Infections (Vulvovaginal Candidiasis) Fact Sheet

Updated August 2025

Definition

A yeast infection, also called candidiasis, is caused by an overgrowth of the yeast called Candida. Yeast is normally found in the vagina and gut in small amounts, but when it overgrows symptoms can develop. Yeast infections are rarely passed through sexual contact. Vaginal yeast infections are very common.

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection include:

• Thick, white, “cottage cheese-like” or thin, watery vaginal discharge
• Vaginal itching or burning
• Vulvar redness, itching, or burning
• Pain with sex
• Pain with urination

Causes

A yeast infection is caused by an overgrowth of yeast (Candida) that normally lives in the vagina and the gut. Most cases are caused by Candida albicans. You can get a yeast infection without having sex.

Diagnosis

Symptoms of a yeast infection can be similar to other infections, especially some sexually transmitted infections (STIs). If you are having symptoms, it is important to see a health care provider for testing.

To diagnose a yeast infection, a health care provider will collect a swab of the discharge and send it for testing.

Complications (that may arise)

Yeast infections can be uncomfortable but are usually not dangerous. They can come back with or without treatment. If you are having frequent yeast infections, you should see your health care provider. Some infections are caused by other types of Candida and over-the-counter antifungal medications may not be as effective in treating them.

Risk Factors

Often there is no clear reason why someone gets a yeast infection. However, the following conditions can increase the risk of getting one:

• Use of certain medications like antibiotics, steroids and hormonal birth control
• Pregnancy
• Diabetes
• Compromised (very weak) immune system

Treatment

Vaginal yeast infections can be treated with antifungal creams or suppositories that are inserted in the vagina. There is also a single-dose oral medication. Both types of treatments are available at the pharmacy without a prescription. If symptoms do not go away or become worse after treatment, you should see your health care provider.

If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, talk to your health care provider before taking any medication.

Prevention

• Wear cotton underwear
• Avoid tight pants and synthetic underwear because they may hold moisture around the genitals
• Speak to your health care provider if you believe that a medication such as hormonal birth control is causing your yeast infection
• If you have diabetes, maintain stable blood sugar levels as much as possible
• Finally, some research has shown that oral or vaginal probiotics may help prevent yeast infections

Self-care

It is important to remember that your vagina cleans itself. You do not need to douche, use feminine sprays/washes or use soap inside the vagina.

Information for Sexual Partners (for STIs)

For people diagnosed with a yeast infection, routine screening and treatment of sexual partners is not needed. Treatment is only needed if your sexual partner has symptoms or could be considered if you are having recurrent yeast infections.

For More Information

Call the Sexual Health Infoline Ontario at 416-392-2437 or 1-800-668-2437 or visit toronto.ca/health

Safer sex: To reduce your risk of getting a sexually transmitted infection (STI), use a condom every time you have vaginal, anal or oral sex.