Tetanus, also called “lockjaw” is a serious infection caused by the Clostridium tetani bacteria. Spores of the bacteria are found in the environment including soil, dust, and animal manure. When it enters the body through broken skin, it releases a poison that affects the nervous system called a neurotoxin. Tetanus occurs worldwide but it is rare in Canada because of vaccination.
Tetanus bacteria can enter the body through broken skin including:
Tetanus cannot be spread from person to person.
The most common symptom of tetanus is cramping of a person’s neck and jaw, making it hard to open the mouth or swallow. The jaw often locks shut. This is why tetanus is sometimes called ‘lockjaw’.
Other symptoms include:
In severe cases, tetanus can lead to complications that requires medical care.
The time between exposure to the bacteria and becoming ill is usually three to 21 days. Sometimes tetanus symptoms appear more quickly or slowly. The interval may range from just one day to several months depending on the kind of wound.
Tetanus vaccines are safe and the most effective way to protect against tetanus infection. It is recommended for:
There are four kinds of vaccines used. These vaccines help protect against tetanus and provide protection against other diseases:
Vaccination with Tdap in pregnancy has been shown to be safe and effective in preventing pertussis and tetanus infection in babies. The Tdap vaccine is recommended in each pregnancy, any time after 13 weeks but preferably between 27 to 32 weeks.
Tetanus can be diagnosed based on your symptoms and recent history of cuts, scrapes, punctures and wounds. There is no lab test to confirm whether you have been infected with tetanus.
If you think you have been exposed to tetanus, talk to your healthcare provider about whether you need the tetanus vaccine. With proper treatment, tetanus complications can be less severe.