Lead & Drinking Water

Water produced at the City’s drinking water treatment plants does not contain lead. Lead can be found in:

  • water service pipes in homes built before the mid-1950s
  • solder used to join pipes together before 1990
  • leaded-brass fixtures, such as faucets and valves

As these items corrode and breakdown, lead can enter drinking water.

Apartment and other buildings with more than six units do not have lead pipes, regardless of age. Lead is too soft to handle the pressure needed for these types of buildings.

Lead can affect how the brain and nervous system grows. According to Toronto Public Health, those most at risk include:

  • pregnant women
  • infants (in particular those who are fed formula made from tap water)
  • children under the age of six

Toronto Public Health strongly recommends replacing your side of the lead service pipe at the same time that the City is replacing its side. For options, see section below called What to Do if you Have Lead Pipes. Cutting the pipe to replace just one portion can cause particles of lead to enter drinking water, which can lead to a temporary spike in lead levels.

City of Toronto Corrosion Control Plan

In 2014, the City began adding phosphate to the drinking water treatment process. Corrosion control is mandated and approved by the Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP). It is the treatment, or the addition, of phosphate to the drinking water process. Phosphate forms a protective coating inside all pipes and household plumbing fixtures, which helps to reduce the potential for lead to enter tap water. Ongoing regulated tap water test results show lower lead levels compared with the lead levels measured prior to initiating corrosion control treatment. Learn more about the City’s Corrosion Control Plan.

Lead in Drinking Water Mitigation Strategy – Annual Reports

In 2011, Toronto City Council approved the Lead in Drinking Water Mitigation Strategy, a multi-pronged approach aimed at protecting public health by reducing lead in drinking water. Read the latest annual update on the City’s Lead in Drinking Water Mitigation Strategy.

Illustration of of a house and which sections of the underground water pipe the City owns and what is privately-owned.

The water service pipe delivers water into a building. This pipe is divided into two parts.

  1. The part that the City owns runs from the watermain on the street up to the property line.
  2. The part from the property line into the home is private property and the responsibility of the homeowner.

Lead pipes affect residential homes. There are approximately 437,000 residential customers in the City of Toronto. Of these, it is estimated that slightly more than 22,000 contain City-owned lead water service pipes.

  1. Find out if you live in a house built before the mid-1950s. If so, it likely has a lead water service pipe. If you own your house, check the purchase papers. If you rent, ask the owner.
  2. If possible, look at the pipe that goes into your water meter. If it is grey, scratches easily and does not sound hollow when you tap it, it may be lead.
  3. You can also contact 311 to submit a service request to have staff check City records. This process may take up to 30 business days.

A licensed plumber is the best way to determine if your water service pipe is lead. They will likely need to enter your basement to make a visual inspection of the pipe entering your home near the water meter.

The City also offers free lead testing to help determine if you have lead in your water.

Toronto Public Health recommends those with lead pipes take the following actions:

Replace the entire lead water service pipe

It is recommended that the City replace the City owned portion of the pipe, and the resident replace the private owned portion at the same time. Cutting the pipe to replace just one side can cause particles of lead to enter drinking water, which can cause a temporary spike in lead levels. Residents who commit to replacing their side of the pipe can apply to have the City replace its side through the Priority Lead Water Service Replacement Program.

Flush your pipes

If it has been a few hours since you have used water, run the cold water tap for at least 5 minutes. This will pull fresh water from the watermain into the pipes.

Use cold water for cooking and drinking

Lead in pipes moves more readily into hot water than into cold water. Cold water is less likely to contain lead, even after flushing the pipes.

If you are pregnant and/or have a child under six

Use a water filter

Look for filters certified by the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) for lead removal and reduction.

You can install an end-of-tap filter on the tap you use most often for cooking or for water to drink. The City offers a faucet filter rebate to eligible homeowners.

You can also use a pitcher-style filter.

Feeding your baby

If you have a baby at home and are breastfeeding, continue to breastfeed your baby. The amount of lead in breast milk is much lower than in tap water. If you are feeding your baby formula, use cold filtered tap water. Until you have a filter, consider using bottled water for making baby formula, or ready-to-feed formula.

In 2011, Toronto City Council approved the Lead in Drinking Water Mitigation Strategy, a multi-pronged approach aimed at protecting public health by reducing lead in drinking water. Components of the strategy include:

Lead testing

Homeowners in Toronto can submit a drinking water sample to be tested for lead levels free of charge at one of Toronto Water’s accredited labs. Find out how to get a lead testing kit and how it works.

Corrosion control

The City of Toronto has enhanced its drinking water treatment process to add phosphate, which forms a protective coating inside all pipes. Learn more about the City’s Corrosion Control Plan.

Lead pipe replacement

Each year, the City replaces water services pipes through the programs listed below. Many of these pipes will be lead.

  • Priority Lead Water Service Replacement Program: Residents that commit to replacing the private portion of a lead water service can apply to have the City replace its side on a priority basis.
  • Capital Water Service Replacement Program: The City replaces substandard drinking water pipes during planned construction projects, such as road, sewer and watermain work.
  • Emergency replacement: This occurs when the pipe that supplies water to a home is broken or has low flow.

Faucet Filter Program

Faucet filter distribution

The City provides a free faucet filter for lead removal to homeowners whenever the City-owned portion of a lead water service is replaced. Toronto Public Health also distributes free filters to participants of the Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program.

Faucet filter rebate

Residents that have lead pipes can apply for a rebate to help purchase an NSF-053 certified filter for lead removal and/or replacement cartridges if they meet all of the following criteria:

  1. There is child under six and/or a pregnant woman living in the home.
  2. The home is a single family, duplex or triplex building.
  3. The annual household income is less than $50,000.