Torontonians of diverse backgrounds and experiences contributed to war efforts in the First and Second World Wars, the Korean War, Afghanistan and in United Nations (UN) Peacekeeping missions. These contributions took various forms and many endured systemic barriers. While some served overseas at the front, others were engaged on the home front training pilots, producing statistics to support wartime planning and management, and working in munitions factories, among many other contributions. Here are some of their stories.
On the morning of August 19, Captain John Anderson was in charge of a landing craft with over 100 men on board. When it arrived on Puys Beach, the boat was heavily attacked. Thinking quickly, Anderson organized Bren gunners to return fire, even operating a gun himself. When the boat reached the shore, Anderson ensured the landing of all unwounded men as well as a three-inch mortar and its ammunition. Despite receiving a head wound caused by shell splinters during the initial gunfire, Anderson continued to motivate and direct his men until the end of the raid. He was later evacuated to England.
Captain John Anderson displayed unwavering selflessness by continuing to lead his men despite being injured. He was later awarded the Military Cross for his bravery.
Signalman, Royal Canadian Corps of Signals
Died: February 27, 1941, age 29
Julius Baxter was a printer/typographer at the Toronto Daily Star. He had been promised his job when his active service ended.
While he was serving in the war, a Regimental psychiatrist recommended Julius(a Signalman) be discharged on medical grounds, but he was charged with desertion. Sadly, in his effort to prove his ‘unworthiness’ in seeking to be discharged, Julius ingested substances from the medical hospital and poisoned himself to death. He was one of the first casualties of the Second World War from Toronto.
He left behind a wife and two daughters aged 10 and seven, and a three-year old son. Memorial crosses were presented to his mother, Kate and his widow, Bernice.
This story demonstrates the emotional wounds that were also challenges of serving on the battlefield, and that occurred prior to a true understanding of mental health and traumatic stress disorders.
Signalman Baxter’s record is listed in the Canadian Virtual War Memorial 
and the Service Files of the Second World War – War Dead, 1939-1947
Major in the Royal Canadian Air Force(RCAF) Women’s Division
In 1941, Norda Bennett began an honours program in Philosophy and English at the University of Toronto. She interrupted her studies in 1943 to join the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Her mother, Sophie Bennett, was also very involved in the war effort, serving as Vice-Chair of the Women’ s War Efforts Committee of the Canadian Jewish Congress.
The RCAF allowed women to join through the creation of the Canadian Women’s Auxiliary Air Force that later became the RCAF Women’s Division (WD). Prior to this time, women were only allowed to fill the role of Nursing Sisters in the RCAF Medical Service. In the Women’s Division, they were
permitted to fill support jobs. In 1946, the RCAF WD was disbanded and women were permitted to join the RCAF in 1951.
After Bennett was discharged in 1944, she resumed her studies at the University of Toronto where she was a reporter for the Varsity News and participated in the Player’s Guild.
At 20 years of age, Leonard Braithwaite visited a recruitment centre at Bay and Wellington Streets once a month for four months in an effort to enlist, but was rejected every time by recruiting officers unwilling to accept Black Canadians into the Armed Forces. Leonard was eventually accepted when a new recruiting officer of Ukrainian descent accepted his application. The recruiting officer had shared with Leonard the experiences of Ukrainian and Polish people who had faced also faced discrimination when trying to enlist.
He joined the Royal Canadian Air Force as a Safety Equipment Operator, stationed overseas in England. He served with the No. 6 Bomber Command in Yorkshire, England as an engine mechanic and a safety equipment worker.
After the war, Leonard studied at the University of Toronto, Harvard Business School and Osgoode Hall Law School. Following a legal career he served as a Member of Provincial Parliament representing Etobicoke from 1963 to 1975, the first Black Canadian to be elected to the Ontario Legislature.
Leonard died in March 2012.
Lieutenant in the 4th Canadian Infantry Battalion who served in France
Died: April 24, 1915 at the 2nd Battle of Ypres at age 28
Cameron Daniel Brant (1887-1915), was a member of the Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation and was one of the first enlistees soon after war was declared in 1914. Commissioned a Lieutenant, Brant sailed for England in October 1914, completed training at Salisbury Plain, and was shortly after sent to France. A capable soldier and confident leader, Lt. Brant was killed leading his men in a counter attack at the 2nd Battle of Ypres on April 24, 1915.
To commemorate Brant’s service, a plaque was erected in the New Credit United Church and his name was etched on the New Credit Veterans Memorial. In 2014, the Mississaugas of the Credit Public Library received a call from the Picton Town Library with the offer of a book once owned by Cameron Brant. It was a book of poetry titled Songs of a Sourdough by Robert Service.
The inscription inside the book revealed Brant’s signature and proved it had once belonged to Brant. It was a precious addition to their collection. To learn more about this story, please see this video created by the City of Toronto Historic Sites: A Poetry Book Comes Home
Story courtesy of the Mississaugas of the Credit Public Library.
Lance Corporal, Royal Regiment of Canada
Died: August 19, 1942 at Dieppe, age 27
Meyer Bubis was from a large Jewish family of seven siblings, who emigrated from Russia. He attended Riverside Collegiate and enlisted in September, 1939.
He joined the army and was posted to Iceland. He participated in the first Yom Kippur service for servicemen stationed in Iceland in 1940. Others present at the service were soldier and fellow Torontonian Lionel Cohen, several British servicemen, and Jewish refugee families from Germany and Austria. Meyer sent a photo of the Service to his father, where he wrote on the back, “Pop, this is the first time in the history of Iceland that such a service has been held. Take care of this for me.”
Lance Corporal Bubis died in the raid on Dieppe, on August 19, 1942. His body located three months after his death, is buried in Dunkirk Town Cemetery in France. The Dieppe Raid resulted in the most Torontonians killed in the line of duty, than any other day in all wars.
His younger sister Esther, waited for her 18th birthday, a year after her brother was killed, to enlist and serve with the Canadian Women’s Army Corps. She was one of only 270 Canadian Jewish women to wear a uniform for Canada in the Second World War. Upon her return, she resided in Oakville until her death in 2018.
Meyer Bubis is listed in the Canadian Virtual War Memorial and Ontario Jewish Archives.
Many women worked on the home front doing vital jobs in various industries, such as working in munitions factories and shipbuilding yards.
The John Inglis Company munitions plant in Toronto was awarded a British-Canadian joint contract to produce 12,000 Bren light machine guns and by 1943 was producing 60 per cent of the global output of the guns. The plant also manufactured Browning Hi-Power handguns.
Cecilia Butler, a former night club singer and dancer, worked as a reamer in the small arms section of the plant. A picture of Cecilia at work was widely circulated by the National Film Board of Canada in its attempt to tackle work job discrimination against equity-deserving workers, including people of colour. The caption accompanying her photo, however, stated “Negro girl workers are highly regarded in majority of munition plants and display exceptional aptitude for work of precision nature.” This only perpetuated stereotypes and discrimination faced by people of colour, despite their contributions to the war effort.
The General Engineering Company (CECO) located in rural Scarborough produced military weapons, ammunition, equipment and stores. It hired women to work on heavy machinery, as well as handle gunpowder and explosives, including pouring TNT into shells. Operating 24 hours a day, six days a week from 1942 to 1945, the plant produced 256 million munitions.
Anne Wilmot Parkin worked in the high explosives area of the plant, filling No. 119 fuses. She worked with tetryl, a highly volatile yellow powder which had the ability to stain skin. The powder turned Anne’s skin and fingernails orange. Anne worked at GECO until the war ended.
Anne moved to Vancouver when she married. She passed away in 2016.
Private in 78th Canadian Infantry Battalion (the Winnipeg Grenadiers). Served in France.
Died: March 15, 1954 at age 70 in Toronto.
Ethelbert ‘Curley’ Christian enlisted in the Canadian Army during the First World War at the age of 32. He served in France and fought in the Battle of Vimy Ridge, where he was injured by artillery fire that buried him in a trench. Christian was trapped in the trench for two days and all four of his limbs were crushed by debris.
While being carried from the battlefield, Christian again survived enemy fire when two of his stretcher bearers were killed. He developed gangrene and both arms and legs had to be amputated. He was discharged on September 3, 1918 at age 36 and moved back to Toronto where he underwent rehabilitation at Euclid Hall on Jarvis Street.
Ethelbert was well known for his advocacy for veterans. While he was in rehabilitation, Christian, along with his wife and the hospital director, appealed to the government and won an allowance for full-time caregivers of veterans who were wounded during the war.
He died in Toronto on March 15, 1954, at age 70 and is buried at Prospect Cemetery.
Telegraphist, Royal Canadian Naval Reserve, serving on HMCS Esquimalt
Died: April 16, 1945, at age 20
George Clancy was assigned to HMCS Esquimalt. That boat and her sister ship, HMCS Sarnia, were tasked with protecting a convoy of ships steaming to Scotland. With the war close to ending and the day calm, smooth sailing was expected off Halifax Harbour. While conducting its anti-submarine patrol, Esquimalt was torpedoed by a German U-Boat that ripped apart its hull. The ship sunk so rapidly that there wasn’t time to launch distress signals or release all the lifeboats, so many crew members perished in the frigid Atlantic while awaiting rescue. Of the 71 on board, only 27 survived. Sadly, George Clancy died at age 20.
He was lost at sea and is commemorated on a Halifax Memorial, one of the few tangible reminders for the men who died at sea. He was the son of Daniel J. and Mary E. Clancy of Woodside Ave. in Toronto.
George Clancy’s record is listed in the Canadian Virtual War Memorial . More information about HMCS Esquimalt is found through For Posterity’s Sake , a Royal Canadian Navy Historical Project, and the Nova Scotia Military History – Madigan Stories .
Joyce Crook was born on Dillworth Crescent in East York in 1926. After the war started, many young men she grew up with were signing up to go overseas, filling the neighbourhood with uniformed soldiers. At school, Joyce and her classmates participated in making “bundles for Britain,” with each student knitting a seven-inch square that would be sewn into larger blankets for soldiers.
She was 16 years old in 1942 when soldiers landed on Dieppe. She still remembers an afternoon in early September when her mother mentioned a visit from the ice delivery man who told her that his only son had been killed during the Raid. That tragedy, and the tragedies of her neighbours stuck with Joyce over the years.
A decade later, Joyce decided to visit Dieppe on a trip to Europe. Standing on the beach, she could picture the landing crafts carrying the men from her neighbourhood, and many other Canadians to the beaches of Dieppe.
Dr. Jean Flatt Davey, OBE, OC: Chief Medical Officer, RCAF Women’s Division
Dr. Jean Flatt Davey was a trailblazing physician and the first woman medical doctor to become a commissioned officer in the Canadian Armed Forces Medical Branch.
Born in Hamilton in 1909, Dr. Davey studied at the University of Toronto, receiving her medical degree in 1936. She then practiced at Toronto General Hospital and Women’s College Hospital, eventually becoming medical advisor for women at the University of Toronto.
In 1941, Dr. Davey was one of the three women first recruited to join the newly formed Canadian Woman’s Auxiliary Air Force (CWAAF). Dr. Davey, along with her colleague Kathleen Oonah Walker, was responsible for selecting the first 150 members of the CWAAF. Shortly thereafter, the CWAAF was fully incorporated into the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) as the Women’s Division.
During this time, Dr. Davey was promoted to the position of Squadron Leader. In her new role, she was primarily responsible for the health and safety of the entire Women’s Division. She spent much of her time at headquarters in Ottawa but also toured the country to promote recruitment and conduct inspections.
Following her service in the Canadian Forces in 1945, Dr. Davey returned to Women’s College Hospital, where she eventually became chief of the medical department. Women’s College Hospital soon became affiliated with the University of Toronto, and Dr. Davey became the first Canadian woman to head a medical department at a teaching hospital.
She eventually became the Director of Medical Training at Women’s College Hospital, a position she held from 1965 until her retirement in 1973. In honour of her retirement, Women’s College Hospital established the Jean Davey Honorary Fund. As further recognition of her service, Dr. Davey was honoured with the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1943 and Order of Canada (OC) in 1973. She died in March 13, 1980, at the age of 71.
These four young men from Toronto enlisted with the Royal Regiment of Canada (RRC). They would go on to train together, fight together at Dieppe and were ultimately taken as Prisoners of War (POW) together. They endured harsh conditions as POWs and survived, but they carried haunting memories of the experience for the rest of their lives. Following their liberation, all four men returned to Toronto to build their lives and were once again reunited as police recruits for the Metropolitan (Toronto) Police Service.
Lance Corporal Campbell H. (Harry) Brown was born in Toronto and enlisted in 1940 at the age of 18. As his group arrived in the landing craft in the second wave, every soldier was killed before stepping foot off the boat, except for Campbell and the man to his left. He made it to the seawall uninjured until the surrender.
Lance Corporal James Duncan Donald was born in Toronto in 1920, enlisting in early 1940. He trained in Toronto and at Base Borden before departing overseas. In the first wave at Blue Beach, he was one of the few that made it up the wall where he was ultimately captured. He witnessed many friends die on the beach and attended to injured soldiers as best as he could.James wrote home following his capture and spoke about close friends from Toronto that he had seen killed as they stepped off the carrier. The letter ended up serving as a death certificate for those friends.
Private William Carson Olver was born in Toronto in July of 1919. He enlisted when the war broke out in 1939. William arrived in the first wave at Dieppe and was the first member of the Regiment to land at Blue Beach and reach the seawall. Hear an account of this story.After blowing a hole in the wall, Olver gained access to the upper promenade of the beach, where he became trapped for about an hour.
Unable to proceed further, he returned to the beach where he was subject to heavy fire until the surrender a few hours later. Listen to an interview with Private Carson’s son John Oliver.
Sergeant Charles Edward Surphlis was born in Toronto in 1920 and he was already a member of the Royals when the war broke out, having joined them at the age of 16. He was part of the second wave on Blue Beach and was able to make it to the seawall. When he got to the wall, Charles (or Charlie) was shocked when a man who had been jumping back down the wall, landed directly on top of him: it was Private Olver.From that point on, Surphlis and Olver stayed together until they were liberated. Hear about this Landing at Dieppe from his son Doug Surphlis and learn more about his father.
After the allies surrendered, all four of these men were taken to the same German Prisoner of War camp- Stalag VIIIB in Lamsdorf, the largest camp in Germany. Conditions in the camp were harsh and prisoners were shackled, had a lack of food and had no showers. They had to use the rain to cleanse themselves. They also had no privacy and were subject to frequent searches where their belongings were tossed from the bunks. They were required to perform manual labour for over two and a half years.
In the Winter of 1945, the Germans under threat of losing the war, began marching prisoners across Europe in what was known as The Death Marches. Listen to an account of the Death Marches. These marches went on for months with little food and harsh conditions and many did not survive. Allied planes caused chaos as they would shoot at them thinking they were enemy soldiers. They prisoners then had to scramble to find cover. During one of those raids, Campbell Brown and a few others managed to escape. After spending 33 months as prisoners of war, Olver, Donald and Surphlis were liberated by Allied forces in April 1945.
Once liberated, the four men, and many like them, had to recover from years of poor nutrition and illness and the physiological trauma that was rarely discussed at that time. After returning to Canada and life in Toronto, they were shocked to see each other at the Police Academy for the first time since the war. They had each joined without knowing that the others had joined as well. Each of the four men went on to have policing careers that spanned more than 30 years.
Despite the unspeakable horrors of Dieppe, the years at the Prisoner of War camp and the haunting memories they were left with, these four men developed an unbreakable bond and a friendship that lasted a lifetime.
Lieutenant Carola Douglas
Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps – HMHS Llandovery Castle
Died: June 27, 1918 at the age of 31
Lieutenant Mary Agnes McKenzie
Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps – HMHS Llandovery Castle
Died: June 27, 1918 at the age of 38
Lieutenant Carola Josephine Douglas was born in Toronto in April 1887. She graduated from Harbord Collegiate before becoming a nurse. In 1915, she volunteered to enlist in the Canadian Army Medical Corps, and was sent overseas to assist in hospitals in France. After working in hospitals near the front lines for several years, Lt. Douglas became a patient herself suffering from exhaustion. She was assigned to HMHS Llandovery Castle – a floating hospital – ferrying wounded soldiers from Europe back to Canada.
Lieutenant Mary Agnes McKenzie was also born in Toronto, in April 1880. She graduated from Rochester General Hospital’s Nursing School in 1903. She volunteered for service in Toronto on January 31, 1916 and was also assigned to HMHS Llandovery Castle.
On the night of June 27, 1918, HMHS Llandovery Castle was torpedoed by a German U-boat off the coast of Ireland. The vessel was bound for Liverpool after having returned wounded soldiers to Halifax. Although targeting a hospital ship was strictly against international law and despite Red Cross markings on either side of it, the ship was struck and sank within minutes. Many of the initial survivors of the torpedo hit were then shot down by the U-boat as they tried to escape in lifeboats.
The sinking of the Llandovery Castle was one of the deadliest Canadian naval episodes of the First World War. Of the 258 people on board only 24 survived the disaster by a lifeboat. Lts. Douglas and McKenzie were among the 14 Nursing Sisters on the vessel when it was struck. All 14 women were casualties along with some 200 other passengers; doctors and military personnel among them.
In the final 100 days of the War, the sinking of the hospital ship became a rallying cry for Allied forces, particularly Canadians. This tragic incident has been memorialized through plaques and an opera that debuted on the centenary of the disaster.
Story Curated by Francesco Bori, Legion Experience Museum
Served as Major in the Second Battalion of the Queen’s Own Rifles of Canada in France.
Ben Dunkelman was born to David and Rose Dunkelman, Polish-Jewish immigrants who founded Tip Top
Tailors. When the Second World War began, Dunkelman attempted to enlist in the Royal Canadian Navy. Due to
antisemitism he experienced there, he instead joined the 2nd Battalion of the Queen’s Own Rifles of Canada.
Dunkelman served on D-Day, in the second wave at Normandy, on June 6, 1944. He also fought in campaigns in northern France, Belgium,
the Netherlands, and Germany. For his service, Dunkelman earned numerous commendations and the Distinguished Service Order for his service in the Hochwold campaign. After the war, he joined other Jewish veterans in fighting in the first Arab-Israeli war.
When Ben returned to civilian life in Toronto, he worked as an entrepreneur, art gallery owner, restauranteur, and co-founder of the Toronto Island Yacht Club.
He died in 1997.
Served as a Corporal in 3rd Battalion Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry, in Afghanistan
Died: April 17, 2002 at age 24, as a result of a friendly-fire incident
Ainsworth Dyer grew up in Toronto and enlisted in 1997. In 2000, he was a member of Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry, who served in peace support efforts in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
In 2002, Dyer was deployed to Afghanistan, where he lost his life at the age of 24 in a friendly fire incident. He was buried with full military honours in the Necropolis Cemetery in Toronto. The Royal Canadian Legion named his mother, Mrs. Agatha Dyer, the 2004 National Silver Cross Mother.
Private and First Nation First Nation Code Talker, Canadian Army during the Second World War
Ernie Edgar, member of the Mississaugas of Scucog Island First Nation, enlisted in the Canadian Army in 1942 at age 20. Racially biased recruitment policies limited Indigenous people from entering the Royal Canadian Air Force and Royal Canadian Navy until 1943.
That same year, the U.S. and Canadian military began recruiting Indigenous soldiers to use their native languages to disguise Allied communications. Ernie was called upon as an Ojibwe code talker in Europe. Code talkers translated vital information about Allied forces, including orders for troop movement and the identification of supply lines or aircraft that were to carry out bombing runs. Code talkers translated the messages into their Indigenous languages before they were sent to battlefields in Europe, where another code talker translated them back into English and sent them to military commanders.
Indigenous North American languages were used because they were unique and distinct and, in many cases, had never been written down. Although their contributions remained hidden until recently, in part because the code talkers were sworn to secrecy, their service helped protect the Allies and win the war. Indeed, the Allies’ enemies were never able to break the code.
Following his discharge in 1945, Ernie went on to work at General Motors and became Chief of Scugog Island First Nation.
He died in November, 1987.
Sergeant Morris Greenberg, Royal Regiment of Canada, died August 19, 1942, at age 24.
The day after the war broke out, Morris Greenberg enlisted with the Royal Regiment. During the Dieppe Raid, Greenberg was gravely injured but continued to assist numerous wounded soldiers, risking his own life to pull them
onto a landing craft. Originally listed as missing, he was then reported as Killed in Action at Dieppe at just 24 years of age.
He had been promoted to Sergeant prior to the Dieppe Raid and wrote to his mother that he had been urged to take an officer’s training course despite feeling he needed more experience as a soldier.
Morris, or Moe, worked as a tie cutter for a shirt and neckwear firm before the war. He was also active in the Jewish People’s Library and was a talented Yiddish poet. Greenberg left behind his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Greenberg and brother, Irving Greenberg.
Irving also enlisted shortly after the war broke out at age 17 and served with the 48th Highlanders. As part of an anti-aircraft battery unit in England during the war, he was credited with shooting down several enemy planes. Irving transferred to the Royal Regiment after Morris’s death.
The Royal Regiment established the Moe Greenberg Trophy. This annual award is given to the recruit whose performance was considered superior to all other recruits upon completion of training in the last year.
Private in the Highland Light Infantry of Canada
Died: September 19, 1944, age 21
Humphrey Holloway was born on September 29, 1922, in Toronto and lived with his parents, Egbert and Edith Holloway, who had immigrated to Canada from Barbados. He attended a public school in Toronto and also spent a year at technical school. Prior to enlisting, he worked as a shipper and stock keeper in Toronto.
At the time of his enlistment in1943, he lived with his family at
1224 Yonge Street.
Sadly, Humphrey Holloway died in battle at age 21 and is buried at the Calais Canadian War Cemetery in France.
His name is listed in the Canadian Virtual War Memorial .
Private in the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry and served in Dieppe, France
Died: August 19, 1942 in Dieppe, France at age 25.
Private Maxwell Jacob King was the son of Mr. Frank L. King, who served as a long-time Chief Councillor of the Mississaugas of the Credit.
Thirty -two band members from the Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation enlisted, with five of them paying the ultimate price in the Second World War.
While overseas , Maxwell King wrote an article for the January 2, 1942 issue of “The Pine Tree Chief “, which provides some clues as to his motivation for service:
“Eight months ago today, about 10 am, a train loaded with Canadian soldiers pulled into Aldershot [England] and unloaded a battalion of wide-eyed cheering men. We had answered the call of adventure in our hearts and here we were with the first contingent of the second division. Up until this time war had meant glory to us. It was a grand feeling to walk down the streets in our nice new uniform. It gave us an aggressiveness which we had not known before.
We had heard lots of stones of the good times of those other soldiers (God bless them) who were youngsters like us twenty-five years ago. England was far away and we thought the war would be over before we got here anyway. While at Camp Borden we heard rumours that we were to guard Canadian shores. On out last leave we laughed and said good-by to our families. We were sure we would be home again in three or four months. We were overjoyed when they told us we were coming to England. We would see many sights we had heard about so many times before.
Seven months after his article was published, Private Maxwell was killed in the ill-fated raid on Dieppe on August 19, 1942, leaving behind his mother, widow, and young son Maxwell.
Story courtesy of the Mississaugas of the Credit Public Library
Jean Suey Zee Lee enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1942, the first and only Chinese-Canadian to be accepted into the RCAF’s Women’s Division during the war, a division of more than 17,000 women. She took her basic training in Toronto and served primarily at the Eastern Air Command RCAF depot in Rockcliffe, Ontario until the end of the war in 1945. Her brothers, Wilson and William Lee, also served in the Canadian military – Wilson with the Royal Canadian Air Force during the Second World War and William in the Korean War.
During her time in the RCAF, Jean was invited to meet Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King in 1943, and was in the Guard of Honour for China’s then first lady, Madame Chiang Kai-Shek, during her visit to Canada in June, 1943.
Jean and two fellow Chinese-Canadian Second World War veterans, Corporal Lila Wong and Private Marion Laura Mah, were among the first Chinese-Canadians to receive their Canadian citizenship certificates under the Canadian Citizenship Act of 1946, which created the new category of Canadian citizenship. Prior to that, Canadians were British subjects. In his speech to the recipients, Chief Justice Farris said, “You have earned your right to a citizenship by the part you played in the armed forces of the World War just over”.
Jean turned 98 years old on October 11, 2021.
Worked in the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in Ottawa to support the war effort.
During the Second World War, Kay Livingstone moved to Ottawa to work as a secretary in the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, supporting the war effort. She married George Livingstone, a corporal in the Canadian Army, during the war. She moved to Toronto after the war where she had a career in radio and the performing arts.
She was a prominent member of the Toronto Black community, founding the Canadian Negro Women’s Association in 1951 . It was dedicated to community service including providing wheelchairs for injured Black soldiers.
Kay served as the first president of the Canadian Negro Women’s Association from 1951 -1953 and organized the first National Black Women’s Congress in 1973.
Served as dispatch carrier with the 107th Pioneer Battalion in France
Tom was a champion long-distance runner who lived and trained in Toronto during his athletic career. He was a very accomplished athlete, winning the Boston Marathon in 1907, Toronto Ward’s Island Marathon from 190 6-09, and the 1909 World Professional Marathon Championships, in New York City.
On February 17th, 1916, at the age of 29, Longboat enlisted in the Armed Forces. He served as a dispatch carrier with the 107th Pioneer Battalion, where he ran messages and orders between units. He continued to run competitively while in the Army. In 1918, he won the eight-mile race at the Canadian Corps Dominion Day competitions .
He was injured while in service, but survived the war and returned to Canada in 1919. After returning to Canada, he lived and worked in Toronto until eventually retiring to his home community of Six Nations where he died in 1949.
Served in the 18th Battalion from Western Ontario, in France during the First World War and in the Veterans Guard of Canada in Toronto during the Second World War.
Mathew Solomon Mandawoub was born on the Saugeen First Nation on October 26, 1896. On March 28, 1918, he joined the 18th Battalion from Western Ontario and served in France. On August 1918, Mathew’s Battalion was part of the 100 Days Offensive, the push to move the Germans out of France and end the war. During battle, he was shot above the elbow on his left arm. He was taken to a General Hospital near the English Channel and had surgery to remove the bullet. He remained in hospital until November 29 and was discharged on January 13, 1919, in London, Ontario.
Mathew returned to the Saugeen First Nation and married Laura James. They raised a family of nine children. In 1940, Mathew joined the Veterans Guard of Canada made up of First World War veterans who supported the war effort on the home front. Mathew was assigned to guard a Prisoner of War camp in Mimico.
Mathew did not report for one of his shifts and was identified as “absent without leave”. Five days later, the body of a soldier was found in the Keating Cut, off Villiers St. near Cherry Beach, in Toronto. The commanding officer identified the body as belonging to Mathew Solomon, aged 45.
He was awarded a military cross and his personal effects were sent to his wife. His remains were delivered to Southampton and he was buried in the Saugeen Village Cemetery.
From a story researched and written by G. William Streeter
Flying Control Operator in the Royal Canadian Air Force during the Second World War.
Katherine was completing her General Arts degree at Queens University when she decided instead to enlist in the Royal Canadian Air Force at 20 years old. She was offered different positions including photographer, cook or general office clerk and chose to be a Flying Control Operator.
After training in Halifax, Katherine was stationed ‘overseas’ at the Air Force Base in Gander, Newfoundland which at that time, was not part of Canada. Gander was the largest airport in the world during the war and was the closest refueling station to the UK. Cross-oceanic bound planes flew through Gander.
Katherine’s responsibilities were to communicate with pilots in radio range upon their approach and take-off, and assign runways. Planes were sent in fleets so there was constant contact with pilots from the control tower, with planes often landing every two minutes. If there was a crash, Katherine had to call in the emergency trucks, and crashes were frequent. The American pilots in particular had little flying experience and Gander was a tricky location with a down draft from a nearby lake and a hill that trapped air currents at night.
Private Stephen Michell & Doreen Cambridge
Stephen Michell and Doreen Cambridge were next door neighbours on Vaughan Road, and their families quickly became fast friends. The Cambridge family moved to England in 1938, but fate would soon bring Stephen and Doreen back together during the Second World War. Stephen enlisted in the Royal Regiment at the start of the war, first training at Fort York, then Iceland and finally arriving in England in 1941. Asked by his uncle who was also a friend, to deliver mail to the Cambridges upon his arrival in England, Stephen and Doreen quickly reconnected with each other. While Stephen prepared for what would be known as the Dieppe Raid, he spent his leave with Doreen who was an active member of the Canadian Women’s Auxiliary Corp (CWAC).
Like almost 2,000 of his fellow soldiers, Stephen was taken as a Prisoner of War at the Dieppe Raid. However, he and Doreen continued writing faithfully to each other. During this time, Doreen kept herself busy with the CWACs, rerouting mail to dentists stationed throughout the conflict zones.
Stephen was a member of the camp band, who many years later composed the march “Men of Dieppe” in tribute. Stephen and the band used their music to engage in subversive activities to derail German success. The band even aided in helping 52 men escape, playing loudly to cover up the sound of a tunnel being dug.
Stephen married Doreen in England after he was liberated in 1945. They returned to Toronto and moved to Hastings Avenue before building a home on Havendale Road. Stephen took a job with Canada Post and the couple welcomed four children. In 1958, the family relocated to Huntsville.
Stephen continued to compose music and published two books about his experiences, “They Were Invincible”, published in 1967 and a second, full version, “Profile on Twelve Platoon” published by his son in 2019. He played in the Muskoka District Band well into his golden years.
He played in the Muskoka District Band well into his golden years. He passed away in 1994. Stephen’s march, “Men of Dieppe”, is still played by the Royal Regiment, and other military bands today.
Doreen later becomes Huntsville’s first ever Red Cross Homemaker: a role where women would provide homecare to local families when a parent became ill.
Doreen passed away in 2008 and her husband passed away in 1994. Stephen’s march, “Men of Dieppe”, is still played by the Royal Regiment, and other military bands today.
Following Stephen’s death, his son was was digging through his stack of hand written manuscripts, when he came across an untitled poem written in his father’s hand.
What has happened to the world we once knew?
The world that vibrated with the Warmth of human friendship.
A love of simple things; an old beat-up jalopy, a guitar, the twinkling lights of small towns passed in the moonlight.
In those not-so-far distant days we laughed… loved… and danced to the throbbing beat of drums and keening note of saxophones and strident brass.
With full hearts and empty pockets, we toasted Eros… and were gay.
Then came the call: the bugles blew, and like the fools of every generation, we responded to the sound; aware, as all the world was well aware, a monster had arisen, and must be speedily dispatched… demolished… and interred.
The follies of the fathers must be passed down to the sons, as it has ever been since time in memorial, and therefore we must answer for the folly of Versailles.
In our blood and in the blood of millions upon millions far away, the debt must be repaid.
And as we went… millions of marching feet; each of us wearing bandoliers filled with tiny messengers of death, small, lethal hornets that hum and kill; dispatched from tubes of steel, each one intended for the heart of a brother, far away.
When Cain slew Abel, he was condemned by his kind; Outcast… adrift, a creature to be avoided and abhorred; while we, the product of a higher degree of culture, were dispatched with, love and kisses from our kin, and the blessings, and the prayers of the clergy.
It just shows how much we have advanced in a few thousand years.
Three thousand miles away, our brothers waited for us to arrive so that they could match their powers of annihilation with ours.
There was nothing personal about it; it was just that they were under orders, as were we.
The lies we both were told, were superfluous, just fodder for our consciences. On no account must we be allowed to bear the guilt of having violated the commandment:
Thou shalt not kill; thou shalt not…
Private Arthur William Montgomery, Royal Regiment of Canada, died August 19, 1942, at age 23.
Private Ralph Eric Montgomery, Royal Regiment of Canada, died August 21, 1942, at age 23.
Twin brothers Arthur and Ralph Montgomery joined the Royal Regiment of Canada on the same day in 1940. They trained together, fought together at Dieppe and ultimately died together at the age of 23. Ralph was injured and succumbed to his wounds on August 21, 1942, while Arthur was reported missing after the raid but later confirmed to have been Killed in Action on August 19. Growing up in the Gerrard and Greenwood area of Toronto, the twins’ lifelong friend Private Russell Roderick Brown also enlisted with them in 1940 and died at Dieppe on August 19.
In 1941, when they first went overseas, the twins wrote their mother a letter saying, “if anything should happen to us, keep your chin up, Mom.” Mrs. Montgomery remained a steadfast supporter of war bonds even after the death of her sons. The Montgomery twins left behind their parents, Mr. and Mrs. C.W. Montgomery, as well as their brothers, Corporal Roy Montgomery and Leading Aircraftman, Wilfred Montgomery who were also fighting in the war.
Marion Alice Orr, CM: Second Officer, British Air Transport Auxiliary
Marion Alice Orr was a pioneering Canadian pilot who, along with Violet Milstead, was one of only four Canadian women to serve in the British Air Transport Auxiliary, a civilian organization established during the Second World War ferrying aircraft and equipment between military sites.
Marion was inspired by watching aircraft at Barker Field in Toronto in her youth (present day Yorkdale). Over time, she saved up enough money to take flying lessons where she met Violet Milstead and the two spent many hours flying together. In 1940, she earned her private pilot’s license and worked as an aircraft inspector at De Havilland Aircraft of Canada. She received her commercial pilot’s license in 1942 and became the second Canadian woman to qualify as an air traffic control assistant.
In 1943, she travelled to Britain with Violet to work in the Air Transport Auxiliary where she earned the rank of Second Officer. After leaving the Auxiliary in 1944, she returned to Toronto where she became a flight instructor. She became the first woman in Canada to own and operate a flying school after purchasing Aero Activities Ltd. and developing her own airfield.
Marion was inducted into the Canadian Aviation Hall of Fame in 1982. In 1993, she was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada. She died in 1995 at the age of 76.
The City of Toronto has partnered with Heritage Toronto to create a plaque, which will be installed at 2360 Yonge Street, in commemoration of Marion Orr’s service and contributions of to the war effort.
Private, 3rd Battalion Group, Royal Canadian Regiment Fallen: July 15, 1953. Buried in the United Nations Cemetery in Busan, South Korea
Billy Regan came from a family of seven children. As the only son, his father was not supportive when Billy enlisted in the Royal Canadian Regiment in 1950 at the age of 16 given he himself had just returned home after the Second World War –. His first deployment was as part of the United Nations multinational force in Korea. Like many of his comrades, he wasn’t even old enough to vote or drink legally.
During the Battle of Hill 187, the 3rd Battalion Group of the Royal Canadian Regiment had to hold their position on the hill while faced with three waves of attacks. Their position was held but at a cost of 26 Canadians deaths, 27 wounded and seven taken prisoner. Billy was wounded by enemy mortar fire and evacuated by helicopter to a MASH unit where he died of his wounds on July 15, 1953. At the time of his death, ten days before the armistice took hold, he was just 19 years old. He was one of the last Canadians to be killed during the Korean War.
Buried in the United Nations Cemetery in Busan, South Korea, a symbolic brick in honour of Billy is found on the Korean Veteran Association of Canada’s Wall of Remembrance, in Meadowvale Cemetery in Brampton.
Pilot Officer, Royal Canadian Air Force
Died: July 15, 1944, age 30
Warrant Officer Class II (Navigator), 458 (Royal Australian Air Force) Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Force
Died: June 16, 1943, age 31
The Scandiffio Brothers were born in Toronto. Assigned to separate roles and squadrons, they occasionally saw each other in the spring of 1942, in England before going their separate ways. Thomas mentioned in a letter home, that the brothers had seen every continent together except South America.
Both brothers were avid letter writers and enjoyed the packages and treats from home.
Thomas (Tom) attended St. Michael’s College at the University of Toronto and Osgoode Hall. He enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force upon his graduation from law school. He was called to the Bar before going overseas.
He failed to return from operations while flying a mission in a Wellington aircraft in the skies around Malta. He was listed missing in action, and was never found. His name is inscribed on the Alamein War Memorial in Egypt.
Francis (Frank) enlisted in March 1941, and trained in Canada to receive his pilots’ wings. In 1944, while in the Pacific, he failed to reach his destination on a transfer flight. After encountering bad weather, his plane crashed on a mountain top. He is buried in the War Cemetery in Delhi, India.
In of his last letters home written to his sister Millie, Francis mentioned that he had a pretty good baseball team consisting of Canadians, a New Zealander and two Australians. His team was planning to carry out the challenge to play an American team from the U.S. Army Air Corps.
Both brothers died a year apart and in their 31st year. They never married and were survived by their mother, two brothers and three sisters. Their mother received the news of Francis’ death while Thomas was still listed as missing.
Thomas Scandiffio’s record can be found in the Canadian Virtual War Memorial and the Database of Fallen Aviators . The Canadian Letters & Images Project has also profiled him: Thomas Peter Scandiffio .
Francis Scandiffio’s war record is also listed in the Canadian Virtual War Memorial and Database of Fallen Aviators He is featured in the Canadian Letters & Images Project: Francis Michael Scandiffio
Sergeant, No. 22 Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Force
Died: April 6, 1941 at age 20
James Scott was a prominent athlete who played hockey, football and basketball and also rowed for the Argonauts Rowing Club. He volunteered in the Royal Canadian Air Force, while still a student at the Northern Vocational School in Toronto.
He had two brothers, who were both in the service, one in the RCAF in England and the other in the Engineers Corps of Canadian Officers Training Corps. He also had a sister.
While serving in France, James was a navigator in a Beaufort bomber. His torpedo bomber was downed while on a “suicide attack” attacking enemy ships in the harbour at Brest, France.
Torpedo bombing required both skill and nerves of steel. The flight path of the crew had to skim across the water, facing point-blank fire from anti-aircraft guns. The torpedo they launched caused significant damage to the hull of the ship, before his aircraft crashed into the cruiser’s deck.
Back home, his mother received the cable that her son was missing in action. This news added to her grief as she recovered from the death of her father in Canada.
James Scott is listed in the Canadian Virtual War Memorial which includes media articles about his service. More information can also be found in these articles: Dropping ‘Fish’: Air Force, Part 44 , and Database of Fallen Aviators, Royal Canadian Air Force Association.
Fighter Jet Navigator (CF100 and CF101 jets) and member of the 425 AW Squadron in the Royal Canadian Air Force during the Cold War
Bill proudly served in the Royal Canadian Air Force, where he was known as “Shimbo.” He served as a fighter jet navigator from 1956 to 1964 during the Cold War, a rivalry waged on political, economic and propaganda fronts between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. During the early Cold War years, Canada recognized the Air Force as the service that would be Canada’s main line of defense against the Soviet threat. Bill flew the CF100 and CF101, the last Canadian-designed and built fighters manufactured by A.V. Roe Canada (Avro).
Bill flew the CF100 as a member of 425 Squadron, nicknamed the Alouettes, in its role of all-weather fighter interceptor within the North American Air Defence Command (NORAD). The crew maintained their skills in the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles by participating in numerous deployments, in addition to routine training which included NORAD exercises in Canada’s north, contingency exercises, and combined exercises with US Forces.
The Alouette nickname for the 425 Squadron came from the French-Canadian squadron’s use of the lark from a folk song as its emblem. The lark is shown in a hovering position indicative of a bomber over a target, about to strike the enemy. During the Second World War, the Alouettes carried out more than 287 bombing raids.
Bill passed away on May 6, 2021 at the age of 85.
Served as Private in the 20th Canadian Infantry Battalion in France
Died: 1919 in Kitchener, Ontario at age 25.
Buckam Singh immigrated to British Columbia in 1907 at the age of 14, eventually moving to Toronto in 1912. During this time, South Asian immigrants faced many barriers including a requirement that all immigration to Canada was to occur through a continuous journey from their country of origin.
This was at a time when there were no direct ships from India to Canada. In addition, Sikh men were not allowed to immigrate with their families.
Despite these challenges, Singh enlisted to fight in the First World War in 1915 at age 22, in the Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force. He became the first Sikh man to enlist in the Canadian Army during the First World War. He was posted in France and served with 20th Canadian Infantry Battalion in Flanders. Singh was wounded twice in separate battles. While recovering in England, he contracted tuberculosis and was sent to Canada to recover.
He spent his final days in a Kitchener, Ontario military hospital, dying in 1919 at age 25. His burial place is the only known WWI Sikh Canadian soldier’s military grave in Canada.
Lieutenant, Royal Canadian Infantry Corps, serving with the British Royal Scots as a CANLOAN Officer
Died: September 15, 1944, age 30
Jackson Stewart studied at the University of Toronto, becoming a teacher and principal in Cheeseville and Thistletown.
He enlisted as a Private in July 1942, was promoted to Corporal and was commissioned as an officer on December 22, 1942, on the date of his marriage to Marjorie Grace.
Lieutenant Stewart was part of CANLOAN, a British army plan to recruit Canadian volunteers for service in the British army. The plan secured 673 volunteers in 63 regiments. The CANLOANs performed superbly in action, and their regiments grew to appreciate Canadian informality and sense of adventure.
He was wounded in July 1944, but rejoined his regiment and sadly died that September. Lieutenant Stewart was one of 128 Canadian service people killed in action while serving with the British Army.
Two of his six brothers also served. He was survived by his wife Marjorie Grace, whom he had married just two years before his death, as well as a sister. He was buried in Kasterlee War Cemetery in Belgium.
Lieutenant Stewart’s record is listed in the Canadian Virtual War Memorial .
Rank: Lance Sergeant, 15 Canadian General Hospital, Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps
Date of death: October 18, 1942, age 45
Rank: Lance Corporal, Royal Hamilton Light Infantry
Date of Death: July 25, 1944, age of 27
Rank: Gunner, Royal Canadian Artillery, 2 Anti-Tank Regiment
Date of Death: July 21, 1944, age 22
David Dudley and Mary Lillian Stewart had four daughters: Lillian, Mabel, Gertrude and Helen, and two sons, David Henry and George Edwin. Tragically, father and sons all died during the Second World War. David Sr. died in England in 1942, and both brothers perished in Normandy, within five days of each other. All three of them are buried overseas in England and France.
David Dudley was single and a clerk at Eaton’s, when he enlisted in the First World War at age 20 in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF). After arriving in England in April 1917, his chronic bronchitis led to lung tuberculosis. He was repatriated to Canada in November for medical treatment.
He then enlisted in 1939 during the Second World War. He served in the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps that was responsible for all medical and dental services in the Army. The Corps delivered the wounded to battlefield medical stations (Casualty Clearing Stations), or to hospitals for more intensive medical care.
David would be joined a few years later by his two sons, David Henry and George Edwin who then left behind their mother and sisters in Toronto.
David Henry enlisted in March 1942 at age 26 in the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry as a Lance Corporal. His brother George Edwin would enlist six months later in September 1942, at age 20, as a Gunner in the Royal Canadian Artillery.
Sadly, a month after George Edwin enlisted, his father David Dudley, died in Bramshott, England in October 1942. He is buried in Brookwood Military Cemetery, Surrey, England, the largest Commonwealth war cemetery in the United Kingdom.
On June 6, 1944, the invasion of Normandy, now known as D-Day, began when Allied forces invaded the mainland of Northwest Europe. It was a formidable task as the Germans had turned the coastline into a continuous fortress. While the invasion was a magnificent accomplishment, more fighting lay ahead as victory in Europe was still 11 months away. The Normandy Campaign, which saw almost 5,000 Canadian soldiers perish, lasted until late August 1944.
Both Stewart brothers perished five days apart in the Normandy campaign: George Edwin died at age 22 on July 21, 1944, followed by his brother David Henry who died at age 27 on July 25, 1944. David Henry is buried in Bretteville-Sur-Laize Canadian War Cemetery in Calvados, France among the almost 3,000 casualties. His brother, George, is memorialized at the Bayeux Memorial also in Calvados, erected in honour of more than 1,800 who died with no known graves.
Mary Lillian lost both her husband and her sons, and four girls lost their father and brothers. The sacrifice of this family can never be forgotten.
David Dudley is listed in the Personnel Records of the First World War and the Canadian Virtual War Memorial . His story is also in the Official History of the Canadian Medical Services, 1939-1945 
.
The brothers are both listed in the Canadian Virtual War Memorial (David Henry) and Canadian Virtual War Memorial (George Edwin).
Violent Milstead Warren, CM: First Officer, British Air Transport Auxiliary
Toronto-born Violent Milstead Warren was one of the first Canadian female bush pilots. She also served overseas as one of only four Canadian women in the British Air Transport Auxiliary.
She worked in her mother’s shop to save enough money to take flying lessons. In 1939, Violet received both her private and commercial aviation license . After receiving her instructor’s certification in 1941, she trained military personnel and taught flying lessons to private citizens at Barker Field in Toronto (present day Yorkdale). In 1943, while travelling with her fellow pilot, Marion Orr, Violet joined the British Air Transport Auxiliary: a civilian organization established during the Second World War. She earned the rank of First Officer and transported equipment between factories and military sites.
Violet demonstrated a high level of intuition and skill while flying eight times per day over two week stretches during her service. She piloted nearly 50 different types of aircraft. She flew mostly on instinct using maps and compasses to guide her as radio communication was not allowed by Air Transport Auxiliary pilots for fear of being intercepted. Despite doing comparable work, she was paid at a rate that was 20 percent less than male pilots.
In 1945, Violet was discharged from the Air Transport Auxiliary and returned to Barker Field as a flight instructor, later moving to Sudbury. She was the longest serving female Canadian pilot with the Air Transport Auxiliary. She was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada in 2004 and received the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012 among many other honours. She passed away in 2014 at the age of 94.
The City of Toronto has partnered with Heritage Toronto to create a plaque, which will be installed at 2360 Yonge Street, in commemoration of the contributions and trailblazing life of Violet Milstead.
Section Office, 116 Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Force
(Women’s Division)
Died: November 8, 1943 at age 24
Irene was born in England and lived in New Toronto with her family for 19 years, attending New Toronto Public School and Mimico High School. In addition to her parents, she had two sisters and two brothers. One of her siblings Sgt.-Maj. David Watson, was part of the Tank Corps.
Irene was a Globe and Mail correspondent and a stenographer-reporter for The New Toronto (South Etobicoke) Advertiser, Ontario’s largest weekly newspaper.
She enlisted in February 1942 and requested to work in an administrative role.
She was serving in Newfoundland as part of #116 Bomber Reconnaissance Squadron, when the Canso aircraft that she and 11 others were flying in attempted to land in bad weather and poor visibility. Tragically, they crashed nose-first on a lake in Newfoundland. Only five aboard survived.
Section Officer Watson was believed to one of the first airwomen in Canada to be reported missing and also killed in active service. Sadly, she was declared dead and her body was never recovered. Her name is inscribed on the Ottawa Memorial commemorating members of the Air Forces of the British Commonwealth who lost their lives.
She is also one of only five women who are listed in Toronto’s Golden Book of Remembrance.
Irene Watson is listed in the Canadian Virtual War Memorial and the Database of Fallen Aviators .
Lieutenant William George Rogers Wedd lived in the Bedford Park area and was a member of the Royal Regiment of Canada. He landed with his platoon at Blue Beach in the first wave. Under heavy fire, he was able to bring his platoon to the sea wall and then realized only about 10 of his men had survived thus far. A pill box on top of the sea wall was sending heavy fire towards Wedd’s platoon. Seeing no other way, Wedd instructed the laying of a Bangalore torpedo, blowing a hole in the barbed wire on top of the sea wall. Wedd then led his platoon through the gap toward a direct assault on the pill box.
Despite being hit by many bullets, Wedd pressed on ahead, ultimately throwing a grenade into the pill box and eliminating the threat to his platoon. Unfortunately, Wedd was killed in the pill box at the age of 28. Wedd was awarded the Croix de Guerre avec Etoile d’Argent from France for being mortally injured at point blank range, sacrificing himself for the safety of those in his command.
Before the war, Wedd was an active golfer, swimmer and skier. He attended Vaughan Road Collegiate Institute and then worked at a bank at Roselawn and Yonge. His two cousins, Sub-Lieutenant Andrew Wedd and Flight Lieutenant Michael Wedd, also fought at Dieppe. He left behind a fiancé, Audrey Badgerow, his parents, his brother Robert Wedd who was also serving in the Royal Regiment and his sister Eileen.
Trained Royal Canadian Air Force pilots
During his youth, Robert Wong was fascinated by night. He built a small airplane based on drawings from a Popular Mechanics Magazine, with his brother, Tommy. In 1937, their plane, Sky Scout, flew on its first night flight.
During the Second World War, Robert worked as a civilian on contract with the federal government to train pilots He was based at Windsor Airport, training pilots in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan on their maneuvers, landings, and on how to read instruments and navigate cross country.
Despite their extensive knowledge of flying, Robert and Tommy were not allowed to serve in the Air Force due to discrimination against Chinese Canadians. As the war went on, the rules were changed. Tommy became a Royal Canadian Air Force Warrant Officer.
After the war, Robert settled in East York and Tommy in Etobicoke, where they continued to train pilots. They opened Wong’s Air School in 1945 at Barker Airport, located at Dufferin and Lawrence. A fire destroyed their hanger and they eventually took a lease at the Toronto Island Airport, where they opened Central Airways. It offered lessons, charters, and sales of new and used planes.
Robert died in 1987.
During the Second World War, the GECO(General Engineering Company) munitions plant, located in Scarborough, was a key part of the war effort.
The plant was built in 1941 and employed 5,400 people, of which 3,400 were women The plant closed after the war.
But its legacy is memorialized with a mural dedicated to the Bomb Girls on an underpass at Warden and St Clair East, near Warden Station.
During the Second World War, one of the only ways soldiers could keep in touch with their families back home was through letter writing. Sadly, it was also the only way for families to contact the government if their son had gone missing or was confirmed to be killed in action.
Today, these letters serve as riveting, first-hand accounts of a world at war. The following selection of letters are written by or about Torontonians who took part in the Dieppe Raid.
Read on to discover what it felt like to be an active serviceman, a prisoner of war, a civilian, and a family member of a lost loved one.
John Graham Housser was born in Toronto in 1914. He attended Upper Canada College and St. Andrew’s College. Prior to enlisting in the army, he worked for the Bank of Nova Scotia and C.T. Financial Services Inc. In 1936, John enlisted in the Royal Grenadiers as a Second Lieutenant, before transferring to the Royal Regiment of Canada in 1938.
When war broke out in 1939, John volunteered for active service, serving in both Iceland and England. On August 19, 1942, Captain Housser embarked on the Dieppe Raid where he was taken Prisoner of War and held at Offlag 7B in Eichstatt, Germany until liberation in 1945. Housser was awarded the Military Cross for his brave leadership at Dieppe.
Upon returning to Toronto following the war, John rejoined the army reserve as served as a Reserve Major in the Royal Regiment. He continued in the army until his retirement as Brigadier General in 1958.
While detained as a POW, John wrote nearly 100 letters back home to his parents and sister, Jane, who lived on Warren Road. His family saved each letter, and they were eventually given to the Ontario Archives by John’s wife.
20 Sept. ‘42
Dear Mother, Dad and Jane,
You will know by now that I am safe and well but clothes only as I stand. The others here have been kind and we are making do. You might see Red Cross re clothing parcels. I think each three months limited to 15-10 lbs. I require one or two of the following short, underwear, socks, hanks, ties, gloves, etc. Also needles and thread, Gillette blades, shoe brush, 2 sets of metal rank badges (bin set), and 2 CANADA shoulder badges.
I would like a pair of corduroy trousers (brown) waist 30, length 33, warm pullover, with sleeves; shirts blue or brown flannel. I think you are allowed to pack some chocolate with clothes, ¼ lb blocks best. Please see Charlinch Trust re insurance. They allowed it to lapse. I feel that they must be liable for full value of policy. We are allowed all the letters you write but keep off any subject liable to censor, use Air-Mail, average time 4 weeks. We are allowed book parcels sent by accredited firms, Eatons might have London arrangements Biography and good fiction for me. There are eight of us here but we are all in same room, and some others I don’t know are in hospital. You must all keep happy and not worry too much about me. I had luck with me on 19 Aug and I will be ok, but we are so useless here. We read, play cards, and some study classes beginning, which I will attend. I am thinking about you always.
All my love ‘til we’re together again – John.
30 Nov. ‘43
Dear Mother and Dad,
I have quite a lot to write about this time and I’m sorry if it seems rather condensed. The “fettering” which took place on about 6 Oct. ’42 as a result of an order in our Dieppe raid ceased on 22 Nov 43 after period of 13 months. Last week the whole, in groups of 400 on parole, visited the local theatre. The picture was of musical variety and had English captions under enough pictures so that the story could be followed. I enjoyed the morning out of camp very much. My 5th parcel arrived during week and everything was fine, but please tooth-powder in paper as the top opens sometimes. You ask for a few suggestions, well I’m sorry that I turned down the warm gown. I always need a shirt, pajamas, light underwear, as the laundry is hard on these things. Toilet articles as a good nail file, comb, blades, shaving soap, etc. I’m looking forward to the blanket, which be here in a few weeks. Had letters from Aunt Edith and Flo please thank them. I should have mentioned above don’t worry about food in parcels except coffee, tea and sugar and perhaps some curry powders. You all seem to be working very hard and Mother try not to get overtired too much. I hope Jane is enjoying University. It is too bad few classes are so early in the morning. I am thinking of you all the time. It will be a great day when we are all together again. Tons of love to you all.
Your son,
John
12 June ‘44
Dear Mother and Dad,
Last week brought the news of the invasion which we have all been early waiting for and I know that our chances of returning home soon have been greatly increased. We have all hope that some of the things we learned at Dieppe have become fruit and are of assistance. Last week I had a letter from Jud Ney dated 21 Sept 1942. He has probably thought me very rude in not answering. Anyways, I sent him a card last week. Yesterday I had 5 letters from you Jane up to 14 May. This is 5 weeks later than any from England, but of course I can understand the hold up there now. I’m glad Jane had such a great visit with John. I do hope I get home in time, but I’ve given my opinion and which them the best of everything. I do hope Dad has a great holiday at the club, and I do think I’ll be with him next season. Nothing could please me more, as I feel that Dad and I will be more “pals” when I return than we were before. I’m sure many of our friends will be very worried just now, but we must hope that everything will come to a speedy conclusion, as you can imagine we here are also on “pins and needles.” I have been taking lots of exercise and feel very fit. Tons of love to you all. I think of you constantly.
Your son,
John
Boxing Day 1944
Dear Mother and Dad,
Another Christmas passed and I know you will be most interested in how we passed the day here. On Xmas Eve I received three letters, one from each of you and one from Jane. It was great to have and I was so glad Jane had my present. Our weather the last few days has been perfect; very cold, everything covered with frost and a bright sun making everything glitter like a picture. Due to a new German order, we cannot save large food reserves. This reflected itself in our Xmas menu which was complete from breakfast to dinner, including, puddings, pies, and a large cake. Have no fear we did ourselves well and enjoyed every minute of it. I went to 8 am communion service and thought of you then. I was able to get in another picture and saw proof of it today. It is very good and I am in front row to please you. I hope to have a cap to send you soon. You were in my thoughts all day yesterday. I hope that Jane was able to be with you. I feel sure that we will all be there next year. Nothing could make me happier. You always make it such a wonderful day for me. We are all well, and hope for some skating soon. My best to everyone but tons and tons of love to yourselves.
Your son,
John
Here are a few other letters:
An example of a mother writing to find out the status of her son.
Toronto March 5th/ 43
Dear Sir,
I am answering to the report of my son Oliver Bergey B25432 being killed at Dieppe. I am sending you a clipping with some of the prisoners that were taken at that time. I think the one with the cross on the bottom is him. Will you try and find out to make sure, as I am sure that one is him, and everyone else does. Please do that much for me, as I have three others besides him in active service and I would like to let them know about Oliver, as they keep writing for word of him.
Yours truly,
Mrs. Helen Bergey
Sabine Schiner-Wagner
Berlin, February 1st, 1946
There are all over the world human beings waiting for everlasting peace, suffering from old so called natural laws, laws with are sad, earnest and inconceivable.
But – ‘til now – wars were inevitable. Friend and enemy had to face that reality. Friend and enemy? Who is my enemy? I have to know an enemy? I do not know you. I only understand that you lost somebody you loved. It is the most heave blow an individual can befall.
I am a German woman. Thousands of bombs missed me in Berlin. Around my neck, I had in a little bag always some keepsakes and – the last few papers your boy had in his pocket when he was killed in action. These papers once were brought to Berlin by German soldiers. I kept them as remembrances for you.
Now I have the possibility to send off what I saved. It will not help you to overcome the sorrow, but I wish to let you know that somebody is now going on account of your misfortune to fight more than ever against wars.
Faithfully yours,
Sabine Schiner-Wagner
Lance Corporal Ryan, a prisoner of war, wrote to the father of Private Roland Edward Ward, describing how Ward was killed at Dieppe.
TO:
Mr. J.E. Ward
Toronto, ON
13.2.43
“ROLLY was working with me for that operation and we both landed together. As we landed we ran side by side up the beach until we met very heavy fire and all dropped. When the order to continue on was given, ROLLY was among those who didn’t move. I thought he missed the order and gave him a pull, but he was hit, so I could do nothing. At the conclusion of the battle, sometime later, as we were being marched along the beach I stopped and rolled him over and saw what actually had happened. He had been hit in the chest as he was dropping. I don’t think he ever felt it, being so quick. I took off his watch and I still have it with me to take to his wife as he asked me before the raid. That’s all I can write, but if I get out O.K. myself I will certainly let you know the full story….”
The City of Toronto interviewed residents from Carefree Lodge about their families’ experiences in wartime.
Helen Theodoridis shares stories from her uncles’ service in the Second World War:
Gull-Britt Lepa speaks about her childhood in neutral Sweden during the Second World War:
Elizabeth Gillan speaks about her father’s service as a cyclist in the First World War:
City of Toronto D-Day commemorative ceremonies have featured Canadian veterans as guest speakers over the years.
This video highlights speeches our veterans gave in past D-Day commemorations.
We were honoured to listen to the stories of the following D-Day veterans in the past few years:
Martin Maxwell, a Captain in the Glider Pilot Regiment, British 6th Airborne Division and a Veteran of D-Day, enlisted in the British Army in 1942. He was among the first few to land in Normandy the night before D-Day. You can also listen to Capt. Maxwell at The Memory Project.
Seventh-generation soldier, Captain Charles Scot-Brown was 17 years old when he enlisted in the Canadian Army. He received his commission in 1943 when he turned 19. He volunteered with the British Army, and was assigned to the Gordon Highlanders.
Edward Stafford joined the Governor General’s Horse Guards as a trooper on June 30, 1941. He served primarily in the United Kingdom and in Italy, driving a Daimler Dingo: an armoured reconnaissance vehicle.
Honorary Lieutenant-General Richard Rohmer – Royal Canadian Air Force and veteran of D-Day – began his military career in 1936 serving in the ROTC (Reserve Officers Training Corps) at Eagle Rock High School in Pasadena, California. Arguably one of Canada’s most decorated citizens, he served with the Royal Canadian Air Force as a fighter-reconnaissance pilot during 1942-1945.
Jim J. Parks (Joseph James) joined the Army Cadets at the age of 10 in 1934. At 15 years of age, he joined the Winnipeg Rifles. In 1940 he joined the Active Force in the Queens Own Cameron Highlanders. In May 1941, he transferred back as a Rifleman in the Royal Winnipeg Rifles.
Please share additional stories with us by posting online and tagging #TorontoRemembers or by emailing us at protocol@toronto.ca .
Other Resources and Related Projects
Veterans Affairs Canada: