Toronto Sector-Based Emissions Inventory Dashboard

The section includes information on the fuel types reported in the SBEI, including natural gas and gasoline.

Fossil (natural) gas consumption to heat buildings continued to be the largest source of community-wide GHG emissions in 2023 at 7.5 MtCO2e, accounting for 47 per cent of community-wide emissions. This was five per cent lower than 2022. Fluctuations in fossil (natural) gas and electricity consumption are sensitive to weather conditions, with more fossil (natural) gas used to heat homes and buildings during colder winters and more electricity used to cool these spaces during hotter summers. The decrease in fossil (natural) gas use in 2023 was likely due to a warmer winter than the previous year, translating into less fossil (natural) gas use for heating and less emissions from this source.

In 2023, gasoline used for transportation was the second largest source of GHG emissions in Toronto, accounting for 4 MtCO2e (25 per cent) of GHG emissions community-wide, a slight increase of 0.3 per cent in GHG emissions from gasoline compared to 2022. The majority (around 90 per cent) of gasoline-related GHG emissions in Toronto come from passenger vehicles and light trucks.

This visual shows a breakdown of the community-wide GHG emissions by key fuel types in percentages in 2023 in a pie chart.

Note: The following fuel types are not represented in the chart above because they represent less than one per cent of the community-wide GHG emissions: Combined Organics and Yard Waste Gases, Wastewater Treatment Gases, B20-BioDiesel, B10-BioDiesel, Aviation Fuels, Marine Fuels, B05 BIODIESEL, Propane, and Compressed Gas (CNG).

This visual shows the community-wide GHG emissions in descending order by fuel type for 2023 in a bar chart.

Note: The following fuel types were combined into “Others”: Electricity (Subways and Streetcars), Diesel, Transit Bus B20, Transit Bus B10, Electricity Transmission Loss, Marine Diesel, Jet Fuel, Aviation Gas, Marine Gasoline, Transit Bus kWh, Marine E10, Gasoline, Marine B05, Marine B10, Off Road B05, Propane, CNG, Off Road B10, and Off Road B20. Refer to the table below for their exact emissions.

Community-wide GHG emissions by fuel type and sector (2023)

This visual shows all the fuel types, their GHG emissions, and their percentage relative to the total community-wide GHG emission in 2023, grouped by sector, in a table.

This section details the sub-sector emissions of buildings, transportation and waste in 2023.

Overall, community-wide GHG emissions have been declining since 1990, and in 2023, Toronto’s emissions were 35 per cent lower than in 1990. This represents a one per cent increase from 2022 levels. While there is an overall downward trend in emissions by sector (buildings, transportation, and waste), the current pace of emissions reductions will not meet the City’s 2025 emissions target.

Percentage breakdown of community-wide GHG emissions by the three sectors (2023)

This visual shows a breakdown of the community-wide GHG emissions in 2023 by sub-sector details within the three sectors (Buildings, Transportation and Waste) in percentages as pie charts.

Note: The following sub-sector details are not represented in the chart above because they represent less than one per cent of the community-wide transportation GHG emissions: Waste Trucks Private Landfill, Off Road Vehicles and Equipment, Waste Trucks City-Owned Landfill, TTC Transit Buses (B20 and B10 biodiesel), Marine, and Aviation.

This visual shows the community-wide GHG emissions in descending order by sub-sector details for 2023 in a bar chart.

Note: The following sub-sector details were combined into “Others”: Aviation – Billy Bishop Airport, Rail – GO Train, Waste – Organics and Yard Waste Processing Facilities, Rail – TTC Subways and Streetcars, Waste – Waste Trucks Private, Off Road – City Owned Vehicles and Equipment, On Road – TTC Buses B10, B20 and Electric, Rail – UP Express, Waste – Waste Trucks to Landfill, Marine – City Owned Marine Fleet. Refer to the table below for their exact emissions.

Community-wide GHG emission and percentage breakdown by sub-sector details (2023)

This visual shows all the sub-sector details, their GHG emissions, and their percentage relative to the total community-wide GHG emission in 2023, grouped by sector, in a table.

This section reports 2023 emissions by scope. Activities taking place within a city can generate GHG emissions that occur inside the city boundary as well as outside the city boundary. To distinguish between them, emissions are grouped into three categories based on where they occur: scope 1 (GHG emissions from sources located within the city boundary), scope 2 (GHG emissions occurring as a consequence of the use of grid-supplied electricity, heat, steam and/or cooling within the city boundary), or scope 3 (All other GHG emissions that occur outside the city boundary as a result of activities taking place within the city boundary).

For further information about GHG emissions by scope, please refer to the GPC Protocol.

This visual shows a breakdown of the community-wide GHG emissions by Scope 1, 2, and 3 in percentages in 2023 in a pie chart.

Percentage breakdown of community-wide GHG emissions by the three scopes (2023)

This visual shows a breakdown of the community-wide GHG emissions in 2023 by sub-sector within the three scopes in percentages as pie charts.

Note: The following sub-sectors represent less than one per cent of the community-wide Scope 1 GHG emissions: Marine, Off Road Vehicles and Equipment, Rail, TTC Buses, Organics and Yard Waste Processing Facilities.

This section details the 2023 sector-based emissions broken down by sector, sub-sector and scope.

In 2023, building sector emissions were 8.8 MtCO2e (55 per cent of community-wide emissions) with most of those emissions attributable to fossil (natural) gas used for space and water heating. Transportation emissions accounted for 5.7 MtCO2e (35 per cent of community-wide emissions) with most of those emissions coming from gasoline used in passenger cars and trucks. Waste sector emissions, which include emissions from landfills, organics and yard waste processing, and wastewater treatment processes, were 1.5 MtCO2e (nine per cent of community-wide emissions).

Community-wide GHG emissions by sub-sector and scope (2023)

This visual shows all the sub-sectors, scopes, their GHG emissions, and their percentage relative to the total community-wide GHG emission in 2023, grouped by sector, in a table.

This section focuses only on the City’s corporate emissions, which are captured as part of the community-wide Sector-Based Emissions Inventory, but are also displayed separately. The City of Toronto’s corporate (or local government) emissions are calculated based on the energy used in all municipal buildings (such as offices, community recreation centres, Toronto Community Housing Corporation (TCHC) housing), vehicle fleets including Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) transit vehicles, waste, water supply and wastewater treatment, as well as streetlights.

In 2023, corporate emissions were 0.89 MtCO2e, about six per cent of Toronto’s community-wide emissions. The City’s corporate emissions increased by four per cent from 2022 and were seven percent below 2008 levels. The largest source of corporate emissions were buildings at 342 ktCO2e (38 per cent of corporate emissions), followed by transportation at 276 ktCO2e (31 per cent of corporate emissions), water and wastewater treatment emissions at 240 ktCO2e (27 per cent of corporate emissions), and waste emissions at 32 ktCO2e (4 per cent of corporate emissions).

This visual shows the year-over-year corporate GHG emission from 2008 to 2023 for each sector in a bar chart.

This visual shows the corporate GHG emissions in descending order by sub-sectors for 2023 in a bar chart.

Note: The following sub-sectors were combined into “Streetlights and Traffic Signals”: Streetlights, Signal Lights, and Bike Path Lighting. Refer to the table below for their exact emissions.

Corporate GHG emissions and percentage breakdown by sub-sectors (2023)

This visual shows all the sub-sectors, their GHG emissions, and their percentage relative to the total corporate GHG emission in 2023, grouped by sector, in a table.

This visual shows the annual corporate GHG emissions from 2008 to 2023 in a line chart.

• CO₂ e (Carbon dioxide equivalent): A unit that allows emissions of different greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) to be expressed as a single unit of measurement.
• Community-Wide Emissions: Community-wide emissions include all GHG emissions within Toronto’s geographical boundary that can currently be estimated or measured by the City of Toronto.
• Corporate-Wide Emissions: Corporate-wide emissions account for emissions generated only by local government activities. Corporate emissions are included in community-wide emissions.
• Global Protocol for Community-Scale GHG Emissions Inventory (GPC): Toronto’s community-wide emissions are calculated and reported as per guidance in the GPC, a robust, transparent, and globally accepted framework to consistently identify, calculate, and report on community-wide greenhouse gas emissions to support climate action planning. Use of the GPC is required to uphold Toronto’s commitment as a signatory of the Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy. (Adapted from Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Inventories, version 1.1 and the Toronto’s 2023 Sector-based Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory)
• Global warming potential (GWP): GWP measures how much a particular GHG contributes to global warming relative to carbon dioxide (CO₂), which has a GWP of 1. GWP is used to convert tonnes of GHGs, like methane, to tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂ e) to express total emissions using a common unit. For details see Appendix C.1 Global Warming Potential (GWP) in 2023 Sector-based Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory)
• Greenhouse gases (GHGs): Compound gases that trap heat and emit longwave radiation in the atmosphere causing global warming, also called the greenhouse effect. The three GHGs measured in Toronto are carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O).
• Scope 1: GHG emissions from sources located within the city boundary (Adapted from Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Inventories, version 1.1)
• Scope 2: GHG emissions occurring as a consequence of the use of grid-supplied electricity, heat, steam and/or cooling within the city boundary (Adapted from Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Inventories, version 1.1)
• Scope 3: All other GHG emissions that occur outside the city boundary as a result of activities taking place within the city boundary. (Adapted from Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Inventories, version 1.1)
• Sector: In the context of production-based emissions inventories, a sector is a classification for which emissions are reported. Sectors include: buildings; transportation; waste; industrial processes and product use (IPPU); agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU); other emissions occurring outside the geographic boundary of the inventory area as a result of activities within the inventory area. Sectors are categorized by scope. (Adapted from Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Inventories, version 1.1)
• Buildings: Energy use of buildings is used to calculate the emissions produced from the consumption of natural gas and electricity. These emissions come from the combustion of fuel to heat spaces in residential, commercial and institutional buildings and facilities and manufacturing industries and construction.
• Transportation: Transportation emissions represent emissions from on-road passenger vehicles, vehicles, for hire, commercial and heavy trucks, and buses as well as from commuter rail and some marine and aviation navigation. Freight rail emissions are not accounted for in this inventory, as reliable data for these emissions sources is currently not available. Identifying emissions sources from all transportation modes continues to be a methodological challenge. Due to the number of different authorities and private businesses that may contribute to transportation emissions, as well as the varying levels of voluntary, sometimes proprietary versus regulated reporting, this section of the inventory presents the best data available at the time of collection.
  • Toronto Emission Sources:
    • All On Road Vehicles
    • Waste Hauling to Landfills outside of City Boundary
    • Go Trains (within Toronto’s boarders)
    • UP Express
    • TTC Subways and Streetcars
    • City Owned Ferries and Marine Fleet
    • Aviation fuel used at Billy Bishop Airport
    • City Owned Off Road and Construction Vehicles and Equipment

• Waste: Waste emissions (primarily methane but also nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide) originating in landfills constitute most Toronto’s waste emissions. In addition, there is a small portion of emissions from organics and yard waste processing, and wastewater treatment processes. Emissions from privately managed waste are estimated.
  • Toronto Emission Sources:
    • Beare Rd, Brock West, Green Lane, Keele Valley, and Thackeray Landfills
    • Disco and Dufferin Organics Process Facilities
    • Ashbridges Bay, Highland Creek, Humber Bay, and North Toronto Wastewater Treatment Plants